The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 | Page 5

the maritime war of
1778 338 Instructions of Louis XVI. to the French admirals 339
Strength of English navy 341 Characteristics of the military situation in
America 341 The line of the Hudson 342 Burgoyne's expedition from
Canada 343 Howe carries his army from New York to the Chesapeake
343 Surrender of Burgoyne, 1777 343 American privateering 344
Clandestine support of the Americans by France 345 Treaty between
France and the Americans 346 Vital importance of the French fleet to
the Americans 347 The military situation in the different quarters of the
globe 347 Breach between France and England 350 Sailing of the
British and French fleets 350 Battle of Ushant, 1778 351 Position of a
naval commander-in-chief in battle 353
CHAPTER X.
MARITIME WAR IN NORTH AMERICA AND WEST INDIES,
1778-1781.--ITS INFLUENCE UPON THE COURSE OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION.--FLEET ACTIONS OFF GRENADA,
DOMINICA, AND CHESAPEAKE BAY.
D'Estaing sails from Toulon for Delaware Bay, 1778 359 British
ordered to evacuate Philadelphia 359 Rapidity of Lord Howe's
movements 360 D'Estaing arrives too late 360 Follows Howe to New
York 360 Fails to attack there and sails for Newport 361 Howe follows
him there 362 Both fleets dispersed by a storm 362 D'Estaing takes his
fleet to Boston 363 Howe's activity foils D'Estaing at all points 363
D'Estaing sails for the West Indies 365 The English seize Sta. Lucia
365 Ineffectual attempts of D'Estaing to dislodge them 366 D'Estaing
captures Grenada 367 Naval battle of Grenada, 1779; English ships
crippled 367 D'Estaing fails to improve his advantages 370 Reasons for
his neglect 371 French naval policy 372 English operations in the
Southern States 375 D'Estaing takes his fleet to Savannah 375 His

fruitless assault on Savannah 376 D'Estaing returns to France 376 Fall
of Charleston 376 De Guichen takes command in the West Indies 376
Rodney arrives to command English fleet 377 His military character
377 First action between Rodney and De Guichen, 1780 378 Breaking
the line 380 Subsequent movements of Rodney and De Guichen 381
Rodney divides his fleet 381 Goes in person to New York 381 De
Guichen returns to France 381 Arrival of French forces in Newport 382
Rodney returns to the West Indies 382 War between England and
Holland 382 Disasters to the United States in 1780 382 De Grasse sails
from Brest for the West Indies, 1781 383 Engagement with English
fleet off Martinique 383 Cornwallis overruns the Southern States 384
He retires upon Wilmington, N.C., and thence to Virginia 385 Arnold
on the James River 385 The French fleet leaves Newport to intercept
Arnold 385 Meets the English fleet off the Chesapeake, 1781 386
French fleet returns to Newport 387 Cornwallis occupies Yorktown
387 De Grasse sails from Hayti for the Chesapeake 388 Action with the
British fleet, 1781 389 Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781 390 Criticism of
the British naval operations 390 Energy and address shown by De
Grasse 392 Difficulties of Great Britain's position in the war of 1778
392 The military policy best fitted to cope with them 393 Position of
the French squadron in Newport, R.I., 1780 394 Great Britain's
defensive position and inferior numbers 396 Consequent necessity for a
vigorous initiative 396 Washington's opinions as to the influence of Sea
Power on the American contest 397
CHAPTER XI.
MARITIME WAR IN EUROPE, 1779-1782.
Objectives of the allied operations in Europe 401 Spain declares war
against England 401 Allied fleets enter the English Channel, 1779 402
Abortive issue of the cruise 403 Rodney sails with supplies for
Gibraltar 403 Defeats the Spanish squadron of Langara and relieves the
place 404 The allies capture a great British convoy 404 The armed
neutrality of the Baltic powers, 1780 405 England declares war against
Holland 406 Gibraltar is revictualled by Admiral Derby 407 The allied
fleets again in the Channel, 1781 408 They retire without effecting any

damage to England 408 Destruction of a French convoy for the West
Indies 408 Fall of Port Mahon, 1782 409 The allied fleets assemble at
Algesiras 409 Grand attack of the allies on Gibraltar, which fails, 1782
410 Lord Howe succeeds in revictualling Gibraltar 412 Action between
his fleet and that of the allies 412 Conduct of the war of 1778 by the
English government 412 Influence of Sea Power 416 Proper use of the
naval forces 416
CHAPTER XII.
EVENTS IN THE EAST INDIES, 1778-1781.--SUFFREN SAILS
FROM BREST FOR INDIA, 1781.--HIS BRILLIANT NAVAL
CAMPAIGN IN THE INDIAN SEAS, 1782, 1783.
Neglect of India by the French government 419 England at war with
Mysore and with the Mahrattas 420 Arrival of the French squadron
under Comte d'Orves 420 It effects nothing and returns to the Isle of
France 420 Suffren sails from Brest with five ships-of-the-line, 1781
421 Attacks an English squadron in the Cape Verde Islands, 1781 422
Conduct