The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 | Page 6

and results of this attack 424 Distinguishing merits of Suffren
as a naval leader 425 Suffren saves the Cape Colony from the English
427 He reaches the Isle of France 427 Succeeds to the chief command
of the French fleet 427 Meets the British squadron under Hughes at
Madras 427 Analysis of the naval strategic situation in India 428 The
first battle between Suffren and Hughes, Feb. 17, 1782 430 Suffren's
views of the naval situation in India 433 Tactical oversights made by
Suffren 434 Inadequate support received by him from his captains 435
Suffren goes to Pondicherry, Hughes to Trincomalee 436 The second
battle between Suffren and Hughes, April 12, 1782 437 Suffren's tactics
in the action 439 Relative injuries received by the opposing fleets 441
Contemporaneous English criticisms upon Hughes's conduct 442
Destitute condition of Suffren's fleet 443 His activity and success in
supplying wants 443 He communicates with Hyder Ali, Sultan of
Mysore 443 Firmness and insight shown by Suffren 445 His refusal to
obey orders from home to leave the Indian Coast 446 The third battle
between Suffren and Hughes, July 6, 1782 447 Qualities shown by
Hughes 449 Stubborn fighting by the British admiral and captains 449

Suffren deprives three captains of their commands 449 Dilatory
conduct of Admiral Hughes 450 Suffren attacks and takes Trincomalee
450 Strategic importance of this success 451 Comparative condition of
the two fleets in material for repairs 451 The English government
despatches powerful reinforcements 452 The French court fails to
support Suffren 452 The fourth battle between Suffren and Hughes,
Sept. 3, 1782 453 Mismanagement and injuries of the French 455
Contrast between the captains in the opposing fleets 456 Two ships of
Suffren's fleet grounded and lost 457 Arrival of British reinforcements
under Admiral Bickerton 458 Approach of bad-weather season; Hughes
goes to Bombay 458 Military situation of French and English in India
459 Delays of the French reinforcements under Bussy 460 Suffren
takes his fleet to Achem, in Sumatra 460 He returns to the Indian coast
461 Arrival of Bussy 461 Decline of the French power on shore 461
The English besiege Bussy in Cuddalore by land and sea 462 Suffren
relieves the place 462 The fifth battle between Suffren and Hughes,
June 20, 1783 463 Decisive character of Suffren's action 463 News of
the peace received at Madras 463 Suffren sails for France 464 His
flattering reception everywhere 464 His distinguishing military
qualities 465 His later career and death 466
CHAPTER XIII.
EVENTS IN THE WEST INDIES AFTER THE SURRENDER OF
YORKTOWN.-- ENCOUNTERS OF DE GRASSE WITH
HOOD.--THE SEA BATTLE OF THE SAINTS.--1781-1782.
Maritime struggle transferred from the continent to West Indies 468 De
Grasse sails for the islands 469 French expedition against the island of
St. Christopher, January, 1782 469 Hood attempts to relieve the
garrison 470 Manoeuvres of the two fleets 471 Action between De
Grasse and Hood 472 Hood seizes the anchorage left by De Grasse 473
De Grasse attacks Hood at his anchorage 474 Hood maintains his
position 475 Surrender of the garrison and island 475 Merits of Hood's
action 476 Criticism upon De Grasse's conduct 477 Rodney arrives in
West Indies from England 479 Junction of Rodney and Hood at
Antigua 479 De Grasse returns to Martinique 479 Allied plans to

capture Jamaica 479 Rodney takes his station at Sta. Lucia 480 The
French fleet sails and is pursued by Rodney 480 Action of April 9,
1782 481 Criticism upon the action 483 The chase continued; accidents
to French ships 484 The naval battle of the Saints, April 12, 1782 485
Rodney breaks the French line 488 Capture of the French
commander-in-chief and five ships-of-the-line 489 Details of the action
489 Analysis of the effects of Rodney's manoeuvre 491 Tactical
bearing of improvements in naval equipment 493 Lessons of this short
naval campaign 495 Rodney's failure to pursue the French fleet 496
Examination of his reasons and of the actual conditions 497 Probable
effect of this failure upon the conditions of peace 498 Rodney's
opinions upon the battle of April 12 499 Successes achieved by Rodney
during his command 500 He is recalled by a new ministry 500
Exaggerated view of the effects of this battle upon the war 500
Subsequent career of De Grasse 501 Court-martial ordered upon the
officers of the French fleet 502 Findings of the court 502 De Grasse
appeals against the finding 503 He is severely rebuked by the king 503
Deaths of De Grasse, Rodney, and Hood 504
CHAPTER XIV.
CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF THE MARITIME WAR OF 1778.
The war of 1778 purely maritime 505 Peculiar interest therefore
attaching to it 506 Successive steps in the critical study of a war 507
Distinction between "object" and "objective" 507 Parties to the war of
1778 507 Objects of