The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 | Page 4

of the English action toward
Spain 250 Decay of the French navy 252 Death of Walpole and of
Fleuri 253
CHAPTER VII.
WAR BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND SPAIN, 1739.--WAR OF
THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, 1740.--FRANCE JOINS SPAIN
AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN, 1744.--SEA BATTLES OF
MATTHEWS, ANSON, AND HAWKE.--PEACE OF
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, 1748.

Characteristics of the wars from 1739 to 1783 254 Neglect of the navy
by French government 254 Colonial possessions of the French, English,
and Spaniards 255 Dupleix and La Bourdonnais in India 258 Condition
of the contending navies 259 Expeditions of Vernon and Anson 261
Outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession 262 England allies
herself to Austria 262 Naval affairs in the Mediterranean 263 Influence
of Sea Power on the war 264 Naval battle off Toulon, 1744 265 Causes
of English failure 267 Courts-martial following the action 268
Inefficient action of English navy 269 Capture of Louisburg by New
England colonists, 1745 269 Causes which concurred to neutralize
England's Sea Power 269 France overruns Belgium and invades
Holland 270 Naval actions of Anson and Hawke 271 Brilliant defence
of Commodore l'Étenduère 272 Projects of Dupleix and La
Bourdonnais in the East Indies 273 Influence of Sea Power in Indian
affairs 275 La Bourdonnais reduces Madras 276 Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 277 Madras exchanged for Louisburg 277
Results of the war 278 Effect of Sea Power on the issue 279
CHAPTER VIII.
SEVEN YEARS' WAR, 1756-1763.--ENGLAND'S
OVERWHELMING POWER AND CONQUESTS ON THE SEAS, IN
NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, AND EAST AND WEST
INDIES.--SEA BATTLES: BYNG OFF MINORCA; HAWKE AND
CONFLANS; POCOCK AND D'ACHÉ IN EAST INDIES.
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle leaves many questions unsettled 281 Dupleix
pursues his aggressive policy 281 He is recalled from India 282 His
policy abandoned by the French 282 Agitation in North America 283
Braddock's expedition, 1755 284 Seizure of French ships by the
English, while at peace 285 French expedition against Port Mahon,
1756 285 Byng sails to relieve the place 286 Byng's action off Port
Mahon, 1756 286 Characteristics of the French naval policy 287 Byng
returns to Gibraltar 290 He is relieved, tried by court-martial, and shot
290 Formal declarations of war by England and France 291 England's
appreciation of the maritime character of the war 291 France is drawn
into a continental struggle 292 The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

begins 293 Pitt becomes Prime Minister of England 293 Operations in
North America 293 Fall of Louisburg, 1758 294 Fall of Quebec, 1759,
and of Montreal, 1760 294 Influence of Sea Power on the continental
war 295 English plans for the general naval operations 296 Choiseul
becomes Minister in France 297 He plans an invasion of England 297
Sailing of the Toulon fleet, 1759 298 Its disastrous encounter with
Boscawen 299 Consequent frustration of the invasion of England 300
Project to invade Scotland 300 Sailing of the Brest fleet 300 Hawke
falls in with it and disperses it, 1759 302 Accession of Charles III. to
Spanish throne 304 Death of George II. 304 Clive in India 305 Battle of
Plassey, 1757 306 Decisive influence of Sea Power upon the issues in
India 307 Naval actions between Pocock and D'Aché, 1758, 1759 307
Destitute condition of French naval stations in India 309 The French
fleet abandons the struggle 310 Final fall of the French power in India
310 Ruined condition of the French navy 311 Alliance between France
and Spain 313 England declares war against Spain 313 Rapid conquest
of French and Spanish colonies 314 French and Spaniards invade
Portugal 316 The invasion repelled by England 316 Severe reverses of
the Spaniards in all quarters 316 Spain sues for peace 317 Losses of
British mercantile shipping 317 Increase of British commerce 318
Commanding position of Great Britain 319 Relations of England and
Portugal 320 Terms of the Treaty of Paris 321 Opposition to the treaty
in Great Britain 322 Results of the maritime war 323 Results of the
continental war 324 Influence of Sea Power in countries politically
unstable 324 Interest of the United States in the Central American
Isthmus 325 Effects of the Seven Years' War on the later history of
Great Britain 326 Subsequent acquisitions of Great Britain 327 British
success due to maritime superiority 328 Mutual dependence of seaports
and fleets 329
CHAPTER IX.
COURSE OF EVENTS FROM THE PEACE OF PARIS TO
1778.--MARITIME WAR CONSEQUENT UPON THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION.--SEA BATTLE OFF USHANT.
French discontent with the Treaty of Paris 330 Revival of the French

navy 331 Discipline among French naval officers of the time 332
Choiseul's foreign policy 333 Domestic troubles in Great Britain 334
Controversies with the North American colonies 334 Genoa cedes
Corsica to France 334 Dispute between England and Spain about the
Falkland Islands 335 Choiseul dismissed 336 Death of Louis XV. 336
Naval policy of Louis XVI. 337 Characteristics of