The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 | Page 4

Neglect of the navy by French government 254 Colonial possessions of the French, English, and Spaniards 255 Dupleix and La Bourdonnais in India 258 Condition of the contending navies 259 Expeditions of Vernon and Anson 261 Outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession 262 England allies herself to Austria 262 Naval affairs in the Mediterranean 263 Influence of Sea Power on the war 264 Naval battle off Toulon, 1744 265 Causes of English failure 267 Courts-martial following the action 268 Inefficient action of English navy 269 Capture of Louisburg by New England colonists, 1745 269 Causes which concurred to neutralize England's Sea Power 269 France overruns Belgium and invades Holland 270 Naval actions of Anson and Hawke 271 Brilliant defence of Commodore l'��tendu��re 272 Projects of Dupleix and La Bourdonnais in the East Indies 273 Influence of Sea Power in Indian affairs 275 La Bourdonnais reduces Madras 276 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 277 Madras exchanged for Louisburg 277 Results of the war 278 Effect of Sea Power on the issue 279
CHAPTER VIII.
SEVEN YEARS' WAR, 1756-1763.--ENGLAND'S OVERWHELMING POWER AND CONQUESTS ON THE SEAS, IN NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, AND EAST AND WEST INDIES.--SEA BATTLES: BYNG OFF MINORCA; HAWKE AND CONFLANS; POCOCK AND D'ACH�� IN EAST INDIES.
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle leaves many questions unsettled 281 Dupleix pursues his aggressive policy 281 He is recalled from India 282 His policy abandoned by the French 282 Agitation in North America 283 Braddock's expedition, 1755 284 Seizure of French ships by the English, while at peace 285 French expedition against Port Mahon, 1756 285 Byng sails to relieve the place 286 Byng's action off Port Mahon, 1756 286 Characteristics of the French naval policy 287 Byng returns to Gibraltar 290 He is relieved, tried by court-martial, and shot 290 Formal declarations of war by England and France 291 England's appreciation of the maritime character of the war 291 France is drawn into a continental struggle 292 The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) begins 293 Pitt becomes Prime Minister of England 293 Operations in North America 293 Fall of Louisburg, 1758 294 Fall of Quebec, 1759, and of Montreal, 1760 294 Influence of Sea Power on the continental war 295 English plans for the general naval operations 296 Choiseul becomes Minister in France 297 He plans an invasion of England 297 Sailing of the Toulon fleet, 1759 298 Its disastrous encounter with Boscawen 299 Consequent frustration of the invasion of England 300 Project to invade Scotland 300 Sailing of the Brest fleet 300 Hawke falls in with it and disperses it, 1759 302 Accession of Charles III. to Spanish throne 304 Death of George II. 304 Clive in India 305 Battle of Plassey, 1757 306 Decisive influence of Sea Power upon the issues in India 307 Naval actions between Pocock and D'Ach��, 1758, 1759 307 Destitute condition of French naval stations in India 309 The French fleet abandons the struggle 310 Final fall of the French power in India 310 Ruined condition of the French navy 311 Alliance between France and Spain 313 England declares war against Spain 313 Rapid conquest of French and Spanish colonies 314 French and Spaniards invade Portugal 316 The invasion repelled by England 316 Severe reverses of the Spaniards in all quarters 316 Spain sues for peace 317 Losses of British mercantile shipping 317 Increase of British commerce 318 Commanding position of Great Britain 319 Relations of England and Portugal 320 Terms of the Treaty of Paris 321 Opposition to the treaty in Great Britain 322 Results of the maritime war 323 Results of the continental war 324 Influence of Sea Power in countries politically unstable 324 Interest of the United States in the Central American Isthmus 325 Effects of the Seven Years' War on the later history of Great Britain 326 Subsequent acquisitions of Great Britain 327 British success due to maritime superiority 328 Mutual dependence of seaports and fleets 329
CHAPTER IX.
COURSE OF EVENTS FROM THE PEACE OF PARIS TO 1778.--MARITIME WAR CONSEQUENT UPON THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.--SEA BATTLE OFF USHANT.
French discontent with the Treaty of Paris 330 Revival of the French navy 331 Discipline among French naval officers of the time 332 Choiseul's foreign policy 333 Domestic troubles in Great Britain 334 Controversies with the North American colonies 334 Genoa cedes Corsica to France 334 Dispute between England and Spain about the Falkland Islands 335 Choiseul dismissed 336 Death of Louis XV. 336 Naval policy of Louis XVI. 337 Characteristics of the maritime war of 1778 338 Instructions of Louis XVI. to the French admirals 339 Strength of English navy 341 Characteristics of the military situation in America 341 The line of the Hudson 342 Burgoyne's expedition from Canada 343 Howe carries his army from New York to the Chesapeake 343 Surrender of Burgoyne, 1777 343 American privateering 344 Clandestine support of