The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 | Page 5

the Americans by France 345 Treaty between France and the Americans 346 Vital importance of the French fleet to the Americans 347 The military situation in the different quarters of the globe 347 Breach between France and England 350 Sailing of the British and French fleets 350 Battle of Ushant, 1778 351 Position of a naval commander-in-chief in battle 353
CHAPTER X.
MARITIME WAR IN NORTH AMERICA AND WEST INDIES, 1778-1781.--ITS INFLUENCE UPON THE COURSE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.--FLEET ACTIONS OFF GRENADA, DOMINICA, AND CHESAPEAKE BAY.
D'Estaing sails from Toulon for Delaware Bay, 1778 359 British ordered to evacuate Philadelphia 359 Rapidity of Lord Howe's movements 360 D'Estaing arrives too late 360 Follows Howe to New York 360 Fails to attack there and sails for Newport 361 Howe follows him there 362 Both fleets dispersed by a storm 362 D'Estaing takes his fleet to Boston 363 Howe's activity foils D'Estaing at all points 363 D'Estaing sails for the West Indies 365 The English seize Sta. Lucia 365 Ineffectual attempts of D'Estaing to dislodge them 366 D'Estaing captures Grenada 367 Naval battle of Grenada, 1779; English ships crippled 367 D'Estaing fails to improve his advantages 370 Reasons for his neglect 371 French naval policy 372 English operations in the Southern States 375 D'Estaing takes his fleet to Savannah 375 His fruitless assault on Savannah 376 D'Estaing returns to France 376 Fall of Charleston 376 De Guichen takes command in the West Indies 376 Rodney arrives to command English fleet 377 His military character 377 First action between Rodney and De Guichen, 1780 378 Breaking the line 380 Subsequent movements of Rodney and De Guichen 381 Rodney divides his fleet 381 Goes in person to New York 381 De Guichen returns to France 381 Arrival of French forces in Newport 382 Rodney returns to the West Indies 382 War between England and Holland 382 Disasters to the United States in 1780 382 De Grasse sails from Brest for the West Indies, 1781 383 Engagement with English fleet off Martinique 383 Cornwallis overruns the Southern States 384 He retires upon Wilmington, N.C., and thence to Virginia 385 Arnold on the James River 385 The French fleet leaves Newport to intercept Arnold 385 Meets the English fleet off the Chesapeake, 1781 386 French fleet returns to Newport 387 Cornwallis occupies Yorktown 387 De Grasse sails from Hayti for the Chesapeake 388 Action with the British fleet, 1781 389 Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781 390 Criticism of the British naval operations 390 Energy and address shown by De Grasse 392 Difficulties of Great Britain's position in the war of 1778 392 The military policy best fitted to cope with them 393 Position of the French squadron in Newport, R.I., 1780 394 Great Britain's defensive position and inferior numbers 396 Consequent necessity for a vigorous initiative 396 Washington's opinions as to the influence of Sea Power on the American contest 397
CHAPTER XI.
MARITIME WAR IN EUROPE, 1779-1782.
Objectives of the allied operations in Europe 401 Spain declares war against England 401 Allied fleets enter the English Channel, 1779 402 Abortive issue of the cruise 403 Rodney sails with supplies for Gibraltar 403 Defeats the Spanish squadron of Langara and relieves the place 404 The allies capture a great British convoy 404 The armed neutrality of the Baltic powers, 1780 405 England declares war against Holland 406 Gibraltar is revictualled by Admiral Derby 407 The allied fleets again in the Channel, 1781 408 They retire without effecting any damage to England 408 Destruction of a French convoy for the West Indies 408 Fall of Port Mahon, 1782 409 The allied fleets assemble at Algesiras 409 Grand attack of the allies on Gibraltar, which fails, 1782 410 Lord Howe succeeds in revictualling Gibraltar 412 Action between his fleet and that of the allies 412 Conduct of the war of 1778 by the English government 412 Influence of Sea Power 416 Proper use of the naval forces 416
CHAPTER XII.
EVENTS IN THE EAST INDIES, 1778-1781.--SUFFREN SAILS FROM BREST FOR INDIA, 1781.--HIS BRILLIANT NAVAL CAMPAIGN IN THE INDIAN SEAS, 1782, 1783.
Neglect of India by the French government 419 England at war with Mysore and with the Mahrattas 420 Arrival of the French squadron under Comte d'Orves 420 It effects nothing and returns to the Isle of France 420 Suffren sails from Brest with five ships-of-the-line, 1781 421 Attacks an English squadron in the Cape Verde Islands, 1781 422 Conduct and results of this attack 424 Distinguishing merits of Suffren as a naval leader 425 Suffren saves the Cape Colony from the English 427 He reaches the Isle of France 427 Succeeds to the chief command of the French fleet 427 Meets the British squadron under Hughes at Madras 427 Analysis of the naval strategic situation in India 428 The first battle between Suffren and Hughes, Feb. 17,