History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom | Page 8

those favouring the
experimental method Fourth plea: that the condemnation of Galileo
was "provisory" Fifth plea: that he was no more a victim of Catholics
than of Protestants Efforts to blacken Galileo's character Efforts to
suppress the documents of his trial Their fruitlessness Sixth plea: that
the popes as popes had never condemned his theory Its confutation
from their own mouths Abandonment of the contention by honest
Catholics Two efforts at compromise--Newman, De Bonald Effect of
all this on thinking men The fault not in Catholicism more than in
Protestantism--not in religion, but in theology


CHAPTER IV
.
FROM "SIGNS AND WONDERS" TO LAW IN THE HEAVENS.
I. The Theological View. Early beliefs as to comets, meteors, and
eclipses Their inheritance by Jews and Christians The belief regarding
comets especially harmful as a source of superstitious terror Its
transmission through the Middle Ages Its culmination under Pope
Calixtus III Beginnings of scepticism--Copernicus, Paracelsus, Scaliger
Firmness of theologians, Catholic and Protestant, in its support
II. Theological Efforts to crush the Scientific View. The effort through
the universities.--The effort through the pulpits Heerbrand at Tubingen
and Dieterich at Marburg Maestlin at Heidelberg Buttner, Vossius,
Torreblanca, Fromundus Father Augustin de Angelis at Rome Reinzer
at Linz Celichius at Magdeburg Conrad Dieterich's sermon at Ulm Erni
and others in Switzerland Comet doggerel Echoes from New
England--Danforth, Morton, Increase Mather
III. The Invasion of Scepticism. Rationalism of Cotton Mather, and its
cause Blaise de Vigenere Erastus Bekker, Lubienitzky, Pierre Petit
Bayle Fontenelle The scientific movement beneath all this
IV. Theological Efforts at Compromise.--The Final Victory of Science.
The admission that some comets are supralunar Difference between
scientific and theological reasoning Development of the reasoning of
Tycho and Kepler--Cassini, Hevel, Doerfel, Bernouilli, Newton

Completion of the victory by Halley and Clairaut Survivals of the
superstition--Joseph de Maistre, Forster Arago's statistics The theories
of Whiston and Burnet, and their influence in Germany The
superstition ended in America by the lectures of Winthrop Helpful
influence of John Wesley Effects of the victory


CHAPTER V
.
FROM GENESIS TO GEOLOGY.
I. Growth of Theological Explanations Germs of geological truth
among the Greeks and Romans Attitude of the Church toward science
Geological theories of the early theologians Attitude of the schoolmen
Contributions of the Arabian schools Theories of the earlier Protestants
Influence of the revival of learning
II. Efforts to Suppress the Scientific View. Revival of scientific
methods Buffon and the Sorbonne Beringer's treatise on fossils
Protestant opposition to the new geology---the works of Burnet,
Whiston, Wesley, Clark, Watson, Arnold, Cockburn,and others
III. The First Great Effort of Compromise, based on the Flood of Noah.
The theory that fossils were produced by the Deluge Its acceptance by
both Catholics and Protestants--Luther, Calmet Burnet, Whiston,
Woodward, Mazurier, Torrubia, Increase Mather Scheuchzer Voltaire's
theory of fossils Vain efforts of enlightened churchmen in behalf of the
scientific view Steady progress of science--the work of Cuvier and
Brongniart Granvile Penn's opposition The defection of Buckland and
Lyell to the scientific side Surrender of the theologians Remnants of
the old belief Death-blow given to the traditional theory of the Deluge
by the discovery of the Chaldean accounts Results of the theological
opposition to science
IV. Final Efforts at Compromise--The Victory of Science complete.
Efforts of Carl von Raumer, Wagner, and others The new testimony of
the caves and beds of drift as to the antiquity of man Gosse's effort to
save the literal interpretation of Genesis Efforts of Continental
theologians Gladstone's attempt at a compromise Its demolition by

Huxley By Canon Driver Dean Stanley on the reconciliation of Science
and Scripture


CHAPTER VI
.
THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN, EGYPTOLOGY, AND
ASSYRIOLOGY.
I. The Sacred Chronology. Two fields in which Science has gained a
definite victory over Theology Opinions of the Church fathers on the
antiquity of man The chronology of Isidore Of Bede Of the medieval
Jewish scholars The views of the Reformers on the antiquity of man Of
the Roman Church Of Archbishop Usher Influence of Egyptology on
the belief in man's antiquity La Peyrere's theory of the Pre-Adamites
Opposition in England to the new chronology
II. The New Chronology. Influence of the new science of Egyptology
on biblical chronology
Manetho's history of Egypt and the new chronology derived from it
Evidence of the antiquity of man furnished by the monuments of Egypt
By her art By her science By other elements of civilization By the
remains found in the bed of the Nile Evidence furnished by the study of
Assyriology

CHAPTER VII
.
THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN AND PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY.
I. The Thunder-stones. Early beliefs regarding "thunder-stones"
Theories of Mercati and Tollius regarding them Their identification
with the implements of prehistoric man Remains of man found in
caverns Unfavourable influence on scientific activity of the political
conditions of