History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom | Page 7

century The work of Treviranus and Lamarck Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
and Cuvier Development of the theory up to the middle of the
nineteenth century The contributions of Darwin and Wallace The
opposition of Agassiz
IV. The Final Effort of Theology. Attacks on Darwin and his theories
in England In America Formation of sacro-scientific organizations to
combat the theory of evolution The attack in France In Germany
Conversion of Lyell to the theory of evolution The attack of Darwin's
Descent of Man Difference between this and the former attack Hostility
to Darwinism in America Change in the tone of the
controversy.--Attempts at compromise Dying-out of opposition to
evolution Last outbursts of theological hostility Final victory of
evolution


CHAPTER II
.
GEOGRAPHY
I. The Form of the Earth. Primitive conception of the earth as flat In

Chaldea and Egypt In Persia Among the Hebrews Evolution, among
the Greeks, of the idea of its sphericity Opposition of the early Church
Evolution of a sacred theory, drawn from the Bible Its completion by
Cosmas Indicopleustes Its influence on Christian thought Survival of
the idea of the earth's sphericity--its acceptance by Isidore and Bede Its
struggle and final victory
II. The Delineation of the Earth. Belief of every ancient people that its
own central place was the centre of the earth Hebrew conviction that
the earth's centre was at Jerusalem Acceptance of this view by
Christianity Influence of other Hebrew conceptions--Gog and Magog,
the "four winds," the waters "on an heap"
III. The Inhabitants of the Earth. The idea of antipodes Its opposition
by the Christian Church--Gregory Nazianzen, Lactantius, Basil,
Ambrose, Augustine, Procopius of Gaza, Cosmas, Isidore Virgil of
Salzburg's assertion of it in the eighth century Its revival by William of
Conches and Albert the Great in the thirteenth Surrender of it by
Nicolas d'Oresme Fate of Peter of Abano and Cecco d' Ascoli Timidity
of Pierre d'Ailly and Tostatus Theological hindrance of Columbus Pope
Alexander VI's demarcation line Cautious conservatism of Gregory
Reysch Magellan and the victory of science
IV. The Size of the Earth. Scientific attempts at measuring the earth
The sacred solution of the problem Fortunate influence of the blunder
upon Columbus
V. The Character of the Earth's Surface. Servetus and the charge of
denying the fertility of Judea Contrast between the theological and the
religious spirit in their effects on science


CHAPTER III
.
ASTRONOMY.
I. The Old Sacred Theory of the Universe. The early Church's
conviction of the uselessness of astronomy The growth of a sacred
theory--Origen, the Gnostics, Philastrius, Cosmas, Isidore The
geocentric, or Ptolemaic, theory, its origin, and its acceptance by the

Christian world Development of the new sacred system of
astronomy--the pseudo-Dionysius, Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas Its
popularization by Dante Its details Its persistence to modern times
II. The Heliocentric Theory. Its rise among the Greeks--Pythagoras,
Philolaus, Aristarchus Its suppression by the charge of blasphemy Its
loss from sight for six hundred Years, then for a thousand Its revival by
Nicholas de Cusa and Nicholas Copernicus Its toleration as a
hypothesis Its prohibition as soon as Galileo teaches it as a truth
Consequent timidity of scholars--Acosta, Apian Protestantism not less
zealous in opposition than Catholicism--Luther Melanchthon, Calvin,
Turretin This opposition especially persistent in England--Hutchinson,
Pike, Horne, Horsley, Forbes, Owen, Wesley Resulting interferences
with freedom of teaching Giordano Bruno's boldness and his fate The
truth demonstrated by the telescope of Galileo
III. The War upon Galileo. Concentration of the war on this new
champion The first attack Fresh attacks--Elci, Busaeus, Caccini, Lorini,
Bellarmin Use of epithets Attempts to entrap Galileo His summons
before the Inquisition at Rome The injunction to silence, and the
condemnation of the theory of the earth's motion The work of
Copernicus placed on the Index Galileo's seclusion Renewed attacks
upon Galileo--Inchofer, Fromundus
IV. Victory of the Church over Galileo Publication of his Dialogo
Hostility of Pope Urban VIII Galileo's second trial by the Inquisition
His abjuration Later persecution of him Measures to complete the
destruction of the Copernican theory Persecution of Galileo's memory
Protestant hostility to the new astronomy and its champions
V. Results of the Victory over Galileo. Rejoicings of churchmen over
the victory The silencing of Descartes Persecution of Campanella and
of Kepler Persistence and victory of science Dilemma of the
theologians Vain attempts to postpone the surrender
VI. The Retreat of the Church after its Victory over Galileo. The easy
path for the Protestant theologians The difficulties of the older
Church.--The papal infallibility fully committed against the Copernican
theory Attempts at evasion--first plea: that Galileo was condemned not
for affirming the earth's motion, but for supporting it from Scripture Its
easy refutation Second plea: that he was condemned not for heresy, but
for contumacy Folly of this assertion Third plea: that it was all a

quarrel between Aristotelian professors and