An Icelandic Primer | Page 8

hlaupa (leap) hleypr hlj?p hlj?pu hlaupinn
138. The following have weak preterites in r:
gr?a (grow) gr?��r gr??ri gr??ru gr?inn r?a (row) r?��r r??ri r??ru r?inn sn??a (twist) sn��3r sn??ri sn??ru sn??inn
139. heita in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a weak present: ek heiti, ???? heitir.
140.
II. 'Shake'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
fara (go) f??rr f?r f?ru farinn grafa (dig) gr??fr gr?f gr?fu grafinn hla?��a (load) hl???��r hl??�� hl??��u hla?��inn vaxa (grow) v??x ?x ?xu vaxinn standa (stand) st??ndr st??�� st??��u sta?��inn aka (drive) ??kr ?k ?ku ??kinn taka (take) t??kr t?k t?ku t??kinn draga (draw) dr??gr dr? dr?gu dr??ginn fl? (flay) fl?|r fl? fl?gu fl??ginn sl? (strike) sl?|r sl? sl?gu sl??ginn
141. The following have weak presents:
h??fja (lift) h??fr h?f h?fu hafinn deyja (die) deyr d? d? d?inn hl?|ja (laugh) hl?|r hl? hl?gu hl??ginn
142.
III. 'Bind'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
bresta (burst) brestr brast brustu brostinn hverfa (turn) hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn svelga (swallow) svelgr svalg sulgu s?lginn ver?��a (become) ver?��r var?�� ur?��u or?��inn skj?lfa (shake) skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn drekka (drink) drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn finna (find) finnr fann fundu fundinn vinna (win) vinnr vann unnu unninn binda (bind) bindr batt bundu bundinn springa (spring) springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn stinga (pierce) stingr stakk stungu stunginn breg?��a (pull) breg?��r br? brug?��u brug?��inn s??kkva (sink) s??kkr s??kk sukku sokkinn st??kkva (spring) st??kkr st??kk stukku stokkinn
143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no difference in their conjugation):
br??nna (burn) br??nnr brann brunnu brunninn r??nna (run) r??nnr rann runnu runninn
144.
IV. 'Bear'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
bera (carry) berr bar b?ru borinn nema (take) nemr nam n?mu numinn fela (hide) felr fal f?lu f?lginn koma (come) k??mr kom kv?mu kominn sofa (sleep) s??fr svaf sv?fu sofinn
145.
V. 'Give'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
drepa (kill) drepr drap dr?pu drepinn gefa (give) gefr gaf g?fu gefinn kve?��a (say) kve?��r kva?�� kv??��u kve?��inn meta (estimate) metr mat m?tu metinn reka (drive) rekr rak r?ku rekinn eta (eat) etr ?t ?tu etinn sj? (see) s?��r[6] s? s?[7] s?��nn
[Footnote 6: s?��, s?��r, s?��r; sj?m, s?��?��, sj?. Subj. s?��, s?��r, s?��; s?��m, s?��?��, s?��.]
[Footnote 7: s?m, s?i?��, s?.]
146. The following have weak presents:--
bi?��ja (ash) bi?��r ba?�� b??��u be?��inn sitja (sit) sitr sat s?tu setinn liggja (lie) liggr l? l?gum leginn ??iggja (receive) ??iggr ??? ???gu ??eginn
147.
VI. 'Shine'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
b??ta (bite) b??tr beit bitu bitinn dr??fa (drive) dr??fr dreif drifu drifinn gr??pa (grasp) gr??pr greip gripu gripinn l???��a (go) l???��r lei?�� li?��u li?��inn l??ta (look) l??tr leit litu litinn r???��a (ride) r???��r rei?�� ri?��u ri?��inn s??ga (sink) s??gr seig sigu siginn sl??ta (tear) sl??tr sleit slitu slitinn st??ga (advance) st??gr steig stigu stiginn b???��a (wait) b???��r bei?�� bi?��u bei?��nn
148. The following has a weak present:
v??kja (move) v??kr veik viku vikinn
149.
VII. 'Choose'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
bj??��a (offer) b��3?��r bau?�� bu?��u bo?��inn brj?ta (break) br��3tr braut brutu brotinn flj?ta (float) fl��3tr flaut flutu flotinn hlj?ta (receive) hl��3tr hlaut hlutu hlotinn kj?sa (choose) k��3ss kaus kusum kosinn nj?ta (enjoy) n��3tr naut nutu notinn skj?ta (shoot) sk��3tr skaut skutu skotinn drj??pa (drop) dr��3pr draup drupu dropinn lj??ga (tell lies) l��3gr laug lugu loginn l??ka (close) l��3kr lauk luku lokinn l??ta (bend) l��3tr laut lutu lotinn flj??ga (fly) fl��3gr fl? flugu floginn
Weak Verbs
150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form their pret. with ?�� (d, t): heyra (hear), heyr?��a. Those of the second form their pret. in the same way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: hafa (have) haf?��a. Those of the third form their pret. in -a?��a: kalla (call), kalla?��a.
I. 'Hear'-conjugation
Active
151.
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. sg. 1. heyr-i heyr-a 2. heyr-ir heyr-ir 3. heyr-ir heyr-i
pl. 1. heyr-um heyr-im 2. heyr-i?�� heyr-i?�� 3. heyr-a heyr-i
Pret. sg. 1. heyr-?��a heyr-?��a 2. heyr-?��ir heyr-?��ir 3. heyr-?��i heyr-?��i
pl. 1. heyr-?��um heyr-?��im 2. heyr-?��u?�� heyr-?��i?�� 3. heyr-?��u heyr-?��i
Imper. sg. 1. heyr; pl. 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-i?��. Partic. pres. heyr-andi; pret. heyr-?��r. Infin. heyr-a.
Middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. sg. 1. heyr-umk heyr-umk 2. heyr-isk heyr-isk 3. heyr-isk heyr-isk
pl. 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk 2. heyr-izk heyr-izk 3. heyr-ask heyr-isk
Pret. sg. 1. heyr-?��umk heyr-?��umk 2. heyr-?��isk heyr-?��isk 3. heyr-?��isk heyr-?��isk
pl. 1. heyr-?��umk heyr-?��imk 2. heyr-?��uzk heyr-?��izk 3. heyr-?��usk heyr-?��isk
Imper. sg. 2. heyr-sk; pl. 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk. Partic. pres. heyr-andisk; pret. heyr-zk neut. Infin. heyr-ask.
A. Without vowel-change
152. The inflectional ?�� becomes d after long syllables ending in l or n: sigla (sail), siglda; n??fna (name), n??fnda, n??fndr.
153. -?��?�� becomes dd: lei?��a (lead), leidda.
154. ?�� after s and t becomes t: reisa (raise), reista; m?��ta (meet), m?��tta. Also in a few verbs in l, n: m?|la (speak), m?|lta; sp??nna (buckle), sp??nta.
155. After nd and pt it is dropped: s??nda (send), s??nda, s??ndr; lypta (lift), lypta.
156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: