An Icelandic Primer | Page 7

fisku-num skipu-num gj??fu-num Gen. fiska-nna skipa-nna gjafa-nna
Sg. Nom. bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n Acc. boga-nn auga-t tungu-na Dat. boga-num auga-nu tungu-nni Gen. boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar
Pl. Nom. bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar Acc. boga-na augu-n tungur-nar Dat. bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num Gen. boga-nna augna-nna tungna-nna
Relative
119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable er, often preceded by s?: s? er = he who, who, s?? er who fem.
Interrogative
120. The neut. hvat has gen. hvess, dat. hv??, which last is chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.'
121.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. hv?rr (_which hv?rt hv?r of two_) Acc. hv?rn hv?rt hv?ra Dat. hv?rum hv?ru hv?rri Gen. hv?rs hv?rs hv?rrar
Pl. Nom. hv?rir hv?r hv?rar Acc. hv?ra hv?r hv?rar Dat. hv?rum hv?rum hv?rum Gen. hv?rra hv?rra hv?rra
122.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. hv??rr (_which, hv??rt hv??r who_) Acc. hv??rn hv??rt hv??rja Dat. hv??rjum hv??rju hv??rri Gen. hv??rs hv??rs hv??rrar
Pl. Nom. hv??rir hv??r hv??rjar Acc. hv??rja hv??r hv??rjar Dat. hv??rjum hv??rjum hv??rjum Gen. hv??rra hv??rra hv??rra
Indefinite
123. einn-hv??rr, eitthv??rt, einhv??r (some one) keeps an invariable ein- in the other cases, the second element being inflected as above.
124. sumr (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective.
125.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. nakkvarr nakkvat n??kkur (some) Acc. nakkvarn nakkvat nakkvara Dat. n??kkurum n??kkuru nakkvarri Gen. nakkvars nakkvars nakkvarrar
Pl. Nom. nakkvarir n??kkur nakkvarar Acc. nakkvara n??kkur nakkvarar Dat. n??kkurum n??kkurum n??kkurum Gen. nakkvarra nakkvarra nakkvarra
126.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. engi (_none, ekki engi no_) Acc. engan ekki enga Dat. engum engu engri Gen. engis engis engrar
Pl. Nom. engir engi engar Acc. enga engi engar Dat. engum engum engum Gen. engra engra engra
127. In hv?r-tv??ggja (each of the two, both) the first element is declined as above, the second is left unchanged.
Verbs
128. There are two classes of verbs, strong and weak. Strong verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs by adding ?�� (d, t).
129. The ?�� of the 2 pl. is dropt before ??it (ye two) and ???��r (ye): gefi ???��r, g?fu ??it.
130. There is a middle voice, which ends in -mk in the 1 pers. sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding sk to the active endings, r being dropt, the resulting ts, ?��s being written z (?�� 36): kvezk (active kve?��r 'says'), _??u fekkzk (fekkt_ 'gottest').
131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb gefa (give), which will show those endings which are common to all verbs:
Active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present sg. 1. gef gef-a 2. gef-r gef-ir 3. gef-r gef-i
pl. 1. gef-um gef-im 2. gef-i?�� gef-i?�� 3. gef-a gef-i
Preterite sg. 1. gaf g?|f-a 2. gaf-t g?|f-ir 3. gaf g?|f-i
pl. 1. g?f-um g?|f-im 2. g?f-u?�� g?|f-i?�� 3. g?f-u g?|f-i
Imperative sg. 2 gef; pl. 1 gef-um, 2 gef-i?��. Participle pres. gef-andi; pret. gef-inn. Infin. gefa.
Middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. sg. 1. gef-umk gef-umk 2. gef-sk gef-isk 3. gef-sk gef-isk
pl. 1. gef-umk gef-imk 2. gef-izk gef-izk 3. gef-ask gef-isk
Pret. sg. 1. g?f-umk g?|f-umk 2. gaf-zk g?|f-isk 3. gaf-sk g?|f-isk
pl. 1. g?f-umk g?|f-imk 2. g?f-uzk g?|f-izk 3. g?f-usk g?|f-isk
Impers. sg. 2 gef-sk; pl. 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk. Partic. pres. gef-andisk; pret. gef-izk neut. Infin. gef-ask.
Strong Verbs
132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: g?fumk. The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated: skaut (he shot), skutu (they shot), skyti (he might shoot). But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: hlj?pi, inf. hlaupa (leap).
133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three persons: ek sk��3t, ???? sk��3tr, hann sk��3tr, infin. skj?ta (shoot). e however is not mutated: ek gef, ???? gefr. The inflectional r is liable to the same modifications as the r of nouns (?�� 32): sk??nn, v??x, infin. sk??na (shine), vaxa (grow).
134. Verbs in ld change the d into t in the 1, 3 sg. pret. indic. and in the imper. sg.: helt (held), halt (hold!), infin. halda. nd becomes tt, and ng becomes kk under the same conditions: binda (bind), ganga (go), pret. batt, gekk, imper. bitt, gakk.
135. The t of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long accented vowel: ???? s?tt (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret. indic. ends in t or ?��, the 2 sg. ends in zt: l?��t (I let), ???? l?��zt, bau?�� (I offered) ???? bauzt.
136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites.
137.
I. 'Fall'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
falla (fall) f??llr fell fellu fallinn l?ta (let) l?|tr l?��t l?��tu l?tinn r??��a (advise) r?|?��r r?��?�� r?��?��u r??��inn heita (call) heitr h?��t h?��tu heitinn halda (hold) h??ldr helt heldu haldinn ganga (go) g??ngr gekk gengu g??nginn f? (get) f?|r fekk fengu f??nginn ----------------- auka (increase) eykr j?k j?ku aukinn b??a (dwell) b��3r bj? bjoggu b??inn h??ggva (hew) h??ggr hj? hjoggu h??ggvinn