Vegetable Teratology

Vegetable Teratology, by Maxwell T. Masters,

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Title: Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants
Author: Maxwell T. Masters

Release Date: November 6, 2007 [eBook #23354]
Language: English
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The Ray Society. Instituted MDCCCXLIV.
[Illustration]
This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the RAY SOCIETY for the Year 1868.
London: MDCCCLXIX.
VEGETABLE TERATOLOGY,
An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants
by
MAXWELL T. MASTERS, M.D., F.L.S.
With Numerous Illustrations by E. M. Williams.

London: Published for the Ray Society by Robert Hardwicke, 192. Piccadilly. MDCCCLXIX.

TO JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., ETC. ETC. DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW,
This Volume IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION xxi
BOOK I.
DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY ARRANGEMENT 1
PART I.--UNION OF ORGANS 8
CHAPTER I.
COHESION 9
Cohesion between axes of same plant, 9--Fasciation, 11--Cohesion of foliar organs, 21--Of margins of single organs, 21--Tubular petals, 23--Cohesion of several organs by their margins, 25--Of the sepals, 27--Of the petals, 28--Of the stamens, 29--Of the pistils, 29--Ascidia or pitchers, 30.
CHAPTER II.
ADHESION 32
Adhesion of foliar organs, 32--Of leaves by their surfaces, 33--Of foliar to axile organs, 34--Of sepals to petals, 34--Of stamens to petals, 34--Of stamens to pistils, 35--Miscellaneous adhesions, 35--Of fruit to branch, 36--Synanthy, 36--Syncarpy, 45--Synspermy, 50--Between axes of different plants of same species, 50--And of different species, 55--Synophty.
PART II.--INDEPENDENCE OF ORGANS 58
CHAPTER I.
FISSION 59
Fission of axile organs, 60--Of foliar organs, 61--Of petals, 66--Of stamens, 68--Of carpels, 68.
CHAPTER II.
DIALYSIS 69
Dialysis of margins of individual parts, 70--Of margins of parts of same whorl-calyx, 70--Of corolla, 71--Of stamens, 73--Of carpels, 73.
CHAPTER III.
SOLUTION 76
Solution of calyx from ovary, 77--Of stamens from petals, 82.
PART III.--ALTERATIONS OF POSITION 83
CHAPTER I.
DISPLACEMENT 84
Displacement of bulbs, 84--Of inflorescence, 85--Of leaves, 87--Of parts of flowers, 91--Of carpels, 96--Of placentas and ovules, 96.
CHAPTER II.
PROLIFICATION 100
Prolification of the inflorescence, 102--Median foliar, 103--Median floral, 105--Lateral foliar, 106--Lateral floral, 107--Prolification of the flower, 115--Median foliar, 116--Median floral, 119--Axillary prolification, 138--Foliar, 141--Floral, 142--Complicated prolification, 151--Of embryo, 155.
CHAPTER III.
HETEROTAXY 156
Formation of adventitious roots, 156--Of shoots below the cotyledons, 161--Adventitious leaves, 162--On scapes, 163--Production of leaves or scales in place of flower-buds, 164--Viviparous plants, 168--Formation of buds on leaves, 170--In pith, 171--On bulbs, 172--Production of gemm? in place of spores, 173--Of flowers on leaves, 174--Of flower-buds in place of leaf-buds, 176--Of flowers on spines, 177--Of flower-buds on petals, 177--On fruits, 178--In ovaries, 180--Of stamens in ovaries, 182--Of pollen in ovules, 185--Homomorphic flowers of Composit?, 188--Heterotaxy affecting the inflorescence, 188--Supra-soriferous ferns, 190.
CHAPTER IV.
HETEROGAMY 190
Change in the position of male and female flowers, 191--From monoecious to dioecious condition, 193--From dioecious to monoecious, 193--From hermaphroditism to unisexuality, 195--From unisexuality to hermaphroditism, 197--Pollen replaced by ovules, 201.
CHAPTER V.
ALTERATIONS IN THE DIRECTION OF ORGANS 201
Fastigiation, 202--Eversion, 204--Altered direction of leaves, 205--Altered direction of flower, 206--Reflexion, 209--Gymnaxony, 211.
BOOK II.
DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY FORM 213
PART I.--STASIMORPHY 216
CHAPTER I.
PERSISTENCE OF JUVENILE FORMS 217
Stasimorphy in leaves of Conifers, 217--Regular peloria, 219.
PART II.--PLEIOMORPHY 228
CHAPTER I.
IRREGULAR PELORIA 228
PART III.--METAMORPHY 240
CHAPTER I.
PHYLLODY 241
Phyllody of bracts, 242--In inflorescence of Conifers, 245--Of calyx, 245--Of corolla, 251--Of stamens, 253--Of pistils, 256--Of ovules, 262--Changes in nucleus of ovule, 269--Phyllody of accessory organs, 272--Chloranthy, 273--General remarks on, 278.
CHAPTER II.
METAMORPHY OF FLORAL ORGANS 281
Sepalody of petals, 282--Petalody of calyx, calycanthemy, 283--Petalody of stamens, 285--Of anther, 291--Of connective, 293--Compound stamens, 294--Petalody of pistils, 296--Of ovules, 297--Of accessory organs, 297--Staminody of the bracts, 298--Of sepals and petals, 298--Of pistils, 299--Of accessory organs, 301--Pistillody of perianth, 302--Of sepals, 302--Of stamens, 303--Of ovules, 310.
PART IV.--HETEROMORPHY 311
CHAPTER I.
DEFORMITIES 311
Formation of tubes, 312--In flower, 314--Spurs, 315--Contortion, 316--Spiral torsion, 319--Of leaf, 326--Adventitious tendrils, 326--Interrupted growth, 327--Cornute leaves, 328--Flattening, 328.
CHAPTER II.
POLYMORPHY 329
Heterophylly, 330--Dimorphism, 333--Sports or bud-variations, 336.
CHAPTER III.
ALTERATIONS OF COLOUR 337
Albinism, 337--Virescence, 338--Chromatism, 339.
BOOK III.
DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY NUMBER 340
PART I.--INCREASED NUMBER OF ORGANS 343
CHAPTER I.
MULTIPLICATION OF AXILE ORGANS--INFLORESCENCE 346
Multiplication of branches, 346--Plica, 346--Polyclady, 347--Multiplication of branches of inflorescence, 348--Of bulbs, 350--Of florets, 351.
CHAPTER II.
MULTIPLICATION OF FOLIAR ORGANS 352
Pleiophylly, 353--Multiplication of stipules, bracts, &c., 357--Polyphylly, 358--Increased number of leaves in a whorl, 358--Polyphylly of bracts, 358--Of calyx, 358--Of corolla, 359--Of androecium, 361--Of gynoecium, 363--Of flower in general, 365--Increased number of ovules and seeds, 367--Of embryos, 369--Of cotyledons, 370--Pleiotaxy, or multiplication of whorls, 371--Pleiotaxy of bracts, 371--Of calyx, 374--Of perianth, 375--Of corolla (hose in hose),