Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910

규
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Transactions of the American Society of
Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910, by Herbert M. Wilson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Federal Investigations of Mine Accidents, Structural Materials and Fuels. Paper No. 1171
Author: Herbert M. Wilson
Release Date: May 25, 2006 [EBook #18448]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ***

Produced by Louise Hope, Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

[Transcriber's Note: All footnotes are grouped at the end of the file. Those that include non-bibliographic information are also shown after their referring paragraph.]
* * * * *
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS Instituted 1852
TRANSACTIONS
Paper No. 1171
FEDERAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MINE ACCIDENTS, STRUCTURAL MATERIALS, AND FUELS.[1]
By HERBERT M. WILSON, M. Am. Soc. C. E.
With Discussion by Messrs. KENNETH ALLEN, HENRY KREISINGER, WALTER O. SNELLING, A. BARTOCCINI, H. G. STOTT, B. W. DUNN, and HERBERT M. WILSON.
INTRODUCTION.
The mine disaster, which occurred at Cherry, Ill., on November 13th, 1909, when 527 men were in the mine, resulting in the entombment of 330 men, of whom 310 were killed, has again focused public attention on the frequent recurrence of such disasters and their appalling consequences. Interest in the possible prevention of such disasters, and the possible means of combating subsequent mine fires and rescuing the imprisoned miners, has been heightened as it was not even by the series of three equally extensive disasters which occurred in 1907, for the reason that, after the Cherry disaster, 20 men were rescued alive after an entombment of one week, when practically all hope of rescuing any of the miners had been abandoned.
This accident, occurring, as it does, a little more than 1? years after the enactment of legislation by Congress instructing the Director of the United States Geological Survey to investigate the causes and possible means of preventing the loss of life in coal-mining operations, makes this an opportune time to review what has been done by the Geological Survey during this time, toward carrying out the intent of this Act.
It may be stated with confidence, that had such a disaster occurred a year or more ago, all the entombed men must have perished, as it would have been impossible to enter the mine without the protection afforded by artificial respiratory apparatus. Moreover, but for the presence of the skilled corps of Government engineers, experienced by more than a year's training in similar operations in more than twenty disasters, the mine would have been sealed until the fire had burned out, and neither the dead, nor those who were found alive, would have been recovered for many weeks. In the interval great suffering and loss would have been inflicted on the miners, because of enforced idleness, and on the mine owners because of continued inability to re-open and resume operations.
Character of the Work.--The United States Geological Survey has been engaged continuously since 1904 in conducting investigations relating to structural materials, such as stone, clay, cement, etc., and in making tests and analyses of the coals, lignites, and other mineral fuel substances, belonging to, and for the use of, the Government.
Incidentally, the Survey has been considering means to increase efficiency in the use of these resources as fuels and structural materials, in the hope that the investigations will lead to their best utilization.
These inquiries attracted attention to the waste of human life incident to the mining of fuel and its preparation for the market, with the result that, in May, 1908, provision was made by Congress for investigations into the causes of mine explosions with a view to their prevention.
Statistics collected by the Geological Survey show that the average death rate in the coal mines of the United States from accidents of all kinds, including gas and dust explosions, falls of roof, powder explosions, etc., is three times that of France, Belgium, or Germany. On the other hand, in no country in the world are natural conditions so favorable for the safe extraction of coal as in the United States. In Belgium, foremost in the study of mining conditions, a constant reduction in the death rate has been secured, and from a rate once nearly as great as that of the United States, namely, 3.28 per thousand, in the period 1851-60, it had been reduced to about 2 per thousand in the period 1881-90; and in the last decade this has been further reduced to nearly 1 per thousand. It seems certain, from the