The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 | Page 3

SALTS OF THE SEA A
SKELETON OR SHELL OF LIME 64 From the Smithsonian Report,
1917.
A GROUP OF CHALK-FORMING ANIMALS, OR
FORAMINIFERA, EACH ABOUT THE SIZE OF A VERY SMALL
PIN'S HEAD 65 Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.
A COMMON FORAMINIFER (POLYSTOMELLA) SHOWING THE
SHELL IN THE CENTRE AND THE OUTFLOWING NETWORK
OF LIVING MATTER, ALONG WHICH GRANULES ARE
CONTINUALLY TRAVELLING, AND BY WHICH FOOD
PARTICLES ARE ENTANGLED AND DRAWN IN 65 Reproduced
by permission of the Natural History Museum (after Max Schultze).
A PLANT-LIKE ANIMAL, OR ZOOPHYTE, CALLED OBELIA 68
Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.
TRYPANOSOMA GAMBIENSE 69 Reproduced by permission of The
Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci.
VOLVOX 69
PROTEROSPONGIA 69
GREEN HYDRA 72 Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE BEGINNING OF INDIVIDUAL
LIFE 72
EARTHWORM 72 Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.
GLASS MODEL OF A SEA-ANEMONE 72 Reproduced from the
Smithsonian Report, 1917.
THIS DRAWING SHOWS THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN
FROM FISH TO MAN 73
OKAPI AND GIRAFFE (Coloured Illustration) 74
DIAGRAM OF A SIMPLE REFLEX ARC IN A BACKBONELESS
ANIMAL LIKE AN EARTHWORM 76
THE YUCCA MOTH 76 Photo: British Museum (Natural History).
INCLINED PLANE OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 76
VENUS' FLY-TRAP 77 Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.
A SPIDER SUNNING HER EGGS 77 Reproduced by permission from
The Wonders of Instinct by J. H. Fabre.
THE HOATZIN INHABITS BRITISH GUIANA 82
PERIPATUS 83 Photograph, from the British Museum (Natural
History), of a drawing by Mr. E. Wilson.
ROCK KANGAROO CARRYING ITS YOUNG IN A POUCH 83
Photo: W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
PROFESSOR THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY (1825-95) 86 Photo:
Rischgitz.
BARON CUVIER, 1769-1832 86
AN ILLUSTRATION SHOWING VARIOUS METHODS OF

FLYING AND SWOOPING 87
ANIMALS OF THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD 90 From Knipe's Nebula
to Man.
A TRILOBITE 90 Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.
THE GAMBIAN MUD-FISH, PROTOPTERUS 91 Photo: British
Museum (Natural History).
THE ARCHÆOPTERYX 91 After William Leche of Stockholm.
WING OF A BIRD, SHOWING THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE
FEATHERS 91
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF STRATA OF THE EARTH'S
CRUST, WITH SUGGESTIONS OF CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS
(Coloured Illustration) 92
FOSSIL OF A PTERODACTYL OR EXTINCT FLYING DRAGON
94 Photo: British Museum (Natural History).
PARIASAURUS: AN EXTINCT VEGETARIAN TRIASSIC
REPTILE 94 From Knipe's Nebula to Man.
TRICERATOPS: A HUGE EXTINCT REPTILE 95 From Knipe's
Nebula to Man.
THE DUCKMOLE OR DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS OF
AUSTRALIA 95 Photo: Daily Mail.
SKELETON OF AN EXTINCT FLIGHTLESS TOOTHED BIRD,
HESPERORNIS 100 After Marsh.
SIX STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE, SHOWING
GRADUAL INCREASE IN SIZE 101 After Lull and Matthew.
DIAGRAM SHOWING SEVEN STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF
THE FORE-LIMBS AND HIND-LIMBS OF THE ANCESTORS OF

THE MODERN HORSE, BEGINNING WITH THE EARLIEST
KNOWN PREDECESSORS OF THE HORSE AND CULMINATING
WITH THE HORSE OF TO-DAY 104 After Marsh and Lull.
WHAT IS MEANT BY HOMOLOGY? ESSENTIAL SIMILARITY
OF ARCHITECTURE, THOUGH THE APPEARANCES MAY BE
VERY DIFFERENT 105
AN EIGHT-ARMED CUTTLEFISH OR OCTOPUS ATTACKING A
SMALL CRAB 116
A COMMON STARFISH, WHICH HAS LOST THREE ARMS AND
IS REGROWING THEM 116 After Professor W. C. McIntosh.
THE PAPER NAUTILUS (ARGONAUTA), AN ANIMAL OF THE
OPEN SEA 117 Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.
A PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING A STARFISH (Asterias Forreri)
WHICH HAS CAPTURED A LARGE FISH 117
TEN-ARMED CUTTLEFISH OR SQUID IN THE ACT OF
CAPTURING A FISH 118
GREENLAND WHALE 118
MINUTE TRANSPARENT EARLY STAGE OF A
SEA-CUCUMBER 119
AN INTRICATE COLONY OF OPEN-SEA ANIMALS (Physophora
Hydrostatica) RELATED TO THE PORTUGUESE MAN-OF-WAR
119 Photo: British Museum (Natural History).
A SCENE IN THE GREAT DEPTHS 119
SEA-HORSE IN SARGASSO WEED 120
LARGE MARINE LAMPREYS (Petromyzon Marinus) 120
THE DEEP-SEA FISH Chiasmodon Niger 120

DEEP-SEA FISHES 120
FLINTY SKELETON OF VENUS' FLOWER BASKET (Euplectella),
A JAPANESE DEEP-SEA SPONGE 121
EGG DEPOSITORY OF Semotilus Atromaculatus 121
THE BITTERLING (Rhodeus Amarus) 124
WOOLLY OPOSSUM CARRYING HER FAMILY 124 Photo: W. S.
Berridge.
SURINAM TOAD (Pipa Americana) WITH YOUNG ONES
HATCHING OUT OF LITTLE POCKETS ON HER BACK 125
STORM PETREL OR MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKEN (Procellaria
Pelagica) 125
ALBATROSS: A CHARACTERISTIC PELAGIC BIRD OF THE
SOUTHERN SEA 128
THE PRAYING MANTIS (Mantis Religiosa) 138
PROTECTIVE COLORATION: A WINTER SCENE IN NORTH
SCANDINAVIA 138
THE VARIABLE MONITOR (Varanus) 139 Photo: A. A. White.
BANDED KRAIT: A VERY POISONOUS SNAKE WITH
ALTERNATING YELLOW AND DARK BANDS 140 Photo: W. S.
Berridge, F.Z.S.
THE WARTY CHAMELEON 140 Photos: W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
SEASONAL COLOUR-CHANGE: SUMMER SCENE IN NORTH
SCANDINAVIA 141
PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE 142 Photo: J. J. Ward, F.E.S.

WHEN ONLY A FEW DAYS OLD, YOUNG BITTERN BEGIN TO
STRIKE THE SAME ATTITUDE AS THEIR PARENTS,
THRUSTING THEIR BILLS UPWARDS AND DRAWING THEIR
BODIES UP SO THAT THEY RESEMBLE A BUNCH OF REEDS
143
PROTECTIVE COLORATION OR CAMOUFLAGING, GIVING
ANIMALS A GARMENT OF INVISIBILITY (Coloured Illustration)
144
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF PROTECTIVE COLORATION (Coloured
Illustration) 144
DEAD-LEAF BUTTERFLY (Kallima Inachis) FROM INDIA 146
PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE