The Governments of Europe | Page 3

Ministry 311 3. Parliament: Senate and
Chamber of Deputies 315 4. The Problem of Electoral Reform 319
XVII. PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE--POLITICAL PARTIES 1.
Organization and Workings of the Chambers 325 2. Political Parties
since 1871 329
XVIII. JUSTICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. French Law 335 2.
The Courts 337 3. Local Government: Development since 1789 341 4.
Local Government To-day 346

PART IV.--ITALY (p. xii)
XIX. CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY 1. The Era of Napoleon 353 2. The Restoration and the
Revolution of 1848 358 3. The Achievement of Unification 362 4. The

Constitution 365
XX. THE ITALIAN GOVERNMENT SYSTEM 1. The Crown and the
Ministry 368 2. Parliament: the Senate 372 3. The Chamber of
Deputies--Parliamentary Procedure 375 4. The Judiciary 381 5. Local
Government 383
XXI. STATE AND CHURCH--POLITICAL PARTIES 1. Quirinal and
Vatican 387 2. Parties and Ministries, 1861-1896 391 3. The Era of
Composite Ministries, 1896-1912 395 4. Phases of Party Politics 398

PART V.--SWITZERLAND
XXII. THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM--THE CANTONS 1. The
Confederation and Its Constitutions 405 2. The Nation and the States
411 3. Cantonal Legislation: the Referendum and the Initiative 416 4.
The Cantonal Executive and Judiciary 421
XXIII. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 1. The Executive 423 2.
Legislation: the Federal Assembly 426 3. Legislation: the Referendum
and the Initiative 430 4. Political Parties 434 5. The Judiciary 437

PART VI.--AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
XXIV. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY PRIOR TO THE AUSGLEICH 1.
Austrian Political Development to 1815 442 2. Hungarian Political
Development to 1815 445 3. The Era of Metternich 450 4. The
Revolution of 1848 453 5. The Revival of Constitutionalism: the
Ausgleich 456
XXV. THE GOVERNMENT AND PARTIES OF AUSTRIA 1. The
Constitution 460 2. The Crown and the Ministry 463 3. The
Reichsrath--the Electoral System 465 4. Political Parties 474 5. The

Judiciary and Local Government 483
XXVI. THE GOVERNMENT AND PARTIES OF HUNGARY (p. xiii)
1. The Constitution 489 2. The Crown and the Ministry 491 3.
Parliament--the Electoral System 492 4. Political Parties 500 5. The
Judiciary and Local Government 505
XXVII. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: THE JOINT GOVERNMENT 1. The
Common Organs of Government 510 2. The Territories of Bosnia and
Herzegovina 514

PART VII.--THE LOW COUNTRIES
XXVIII. THE GOVERNMENT OF HOLLAND 1. A Century of
Political Development 517 2. The Crown and the Ministry 523 3. The
States-General and Political Parties 525 4. The Judiciary and Local
Government 531
XXIX. THE GOVERNMENT OF BELGIUM 1. The Constitution--the
Crown and the Ministry 534 2. The Houses of Parliament--the Electoral
System 538 3. Parties and Electoral Reform since 1894--Parliamentary
Procedure 542 4. The Judiciary and Local Government 549

PART VIII.--SCANDINAVIA
XXX. THE GOVERNMENT OF DENMARK 1. Development Prior to
1814 553 2. The Rise of Constitutionalism, 1814-1866 556 3. The
Crown and the Ministry 559 4. The Rigsdag--Political Parties 562 5.
The Judiciary and Local Government 568
XXXI. THE SWEDISH-NORWEGIAN UNION AND THE
GOVERNMENT OF NORWAY 1. Political Development to 1814 570
2. The Swedish-Norwegian Union, 1814-1905 573 3. The Norwegian

Constitution--Crown and Ministry 578 4. The Storthing--Political
Parties 581 5. The Judiciary and Local Government 587
XXXII. THE GOVERNMENT OF SWEDEN 1. The Constitution--the
Crown and the Ministry 589 2. The Riksdag--the Electoral System 591
3. The Riksdag in Operation--Political Parties 597 4. The Judiciary and
Local Government 600

PART IX.--THE IBERIAN STATES (p. xiv)
XXXIII. THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN 1. The Beginnings of
Constitutionalism 603 2. Political and Constitutional Development,
1833-1876 606 3. The Present Constitution 611 4. The Crown and the
Ministry 613 5. The Cortes 616 6. Political Parties 620 7. The Judiciary
and Local Government 626
XXXIV. THE GOVERNMENT OF PORTUGAL 1. A Century of
Political Development 629 2. The Government of the Kingdom 634 3.
The Revolution of 1910 639 4. The Constitution of 1911 643

GOVERNMENTS OF EUROPE (p. 001)


PART I.--GREAT BRITAIN

CHAPTER I
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION

I. THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
*1. Political Pre-eminence of Great Britain.*--George III. is reported to
have pronounced the English constitution the most perfect of human
formations. One need hardly concur unreservedly in this dictum to be
impressed with the propriety of beginning a survey of the governmental
systems of modern Europe with an examination of the political
principles, rules, and practices of contemporary Britain. The history of
no other European nation, in the first place, exhibits a development of
institutions so prolonged, so continuous, and so orderly. The
governmental forms and agencies of no other state have been studied
with larger interest or imitated with clearer effect. The public policy of
no other organized body of men has been more influential in shaping
the progress, social and economic as well as political, of the civilized
world. For the American student, furthermore, the approach to the
institutions of the European continent is likely