The Governments of Europe | Page 2

to more intensive information.
The preparation of the book has been facilitated by the encouragement
and the expert advice accorded me by a number of teachers of
government in colleges and universities in various portions of the
country. And I have had at all times the patient and discriminating
assistance of my wife. For neither the plan nor the details of the work,
however, can responsibility be attached to anyone save myself. I can
only hope that amidst the multitude of facts, some elusive and many
subject to constant change, which I have attempted here to set down,
not many seriously vitiating errors may have escaped detection.
Frederic Austin OGG. Cambridge, Massachusetts, January 10, 1913.

TABLE OF CONTENTS (p. ix)

PART I.--GREAT BRITAIN
I. THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION 1. The

Importance of Historical Background 1 2. Anglo-Saxon Beginnings 2 3.
The Norman-Plantagenet Period 6 4. The Rise of Parliament 11 5.
Administrative and Judicial Development 16 6. The Tudor Monarchy
18 7. Parliament under the Tudors 21 8. The Stuarts: Crown and
Parliament 26 9. The Later Stuarts: the Revolution of 1688-1689 31
II. THE CONSTITUTION SINCE THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
1. Crown and Parliament after 1789 34 2. Rise of the Cabinet and of
Political Parties 37 3. The Scottish and Irish Unions 39 4. The Nature
and Sources of the Constitution 41 5. The Flexibility of the
Constitution 44
III. THE CROWN AND THE MINISTRY 1. The Crown: Legal Status
and Privileges 48 2. The Powers of the Crown 52 3. The Importance
and Strength of the Monarchy 58 4. Privy Council, Ministry, and
Cabinet 60 5. The Executive Departments 61 6. The Cabinet:
Composition and Character 64 7. The Cabinet in Action 70
IV. PARLIAMENT: THE HOUSE OF COMMONS 1. The House of
Commons prior to 1832 77 2. Parliamentary Reform, 1832-1885 80 3.
The Franchise and the Electoral Questions of To-day 86 4. Electoral
Procedure and Regulations 92
V. PARLIAMENT: THE HOUSE OF LORDS (p. x) 1. Composition
97 2. The Reform of the Lords: the Question prior to 1909 101 3. The
Question of the Lords, 1909-1911 106 4. The Parliament Act of 1911
and After 112
VI. PARLIAMENT, ORGANIZATION, FUNCTIONS, PROCEDURE
1. The Assembling of the Chambers 117 2. Organization of the House
of Commons 120 3. Organization of the House of Lords 125 4.
Privileges of the Houses and of Members 126 5. The Functions of
Parliament 128 6. General Aspects of Parliamentary Procedure 132 7.
The Conduct of Business in the two Houses 138
VII. POLITICAL PARTIES 1. Parliamentarism and the Party System
143 2. Parties in the Later Eighteenth and Earlier Nineteenth Centuries
145 3. The Second Era of Whig [Liberal] Ascendancy, 1830-1874 147

4. The Second Era of Conservative Ascendancy, 1874-1905 150 5. The
Liberal Revival 155 6. The Rule of the Liberals, 1906-1912 158 7. The
Parties of To-day 162
VIII. JUSTICE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. English Law 167 2.
The Inferior Courts 170 3. The Higher Courts 173 4. Local
Government to the Municipal Corporations Act, 1835 176 5. Local
Government Reform, 1835-1912 179 6. Local and Central Government
181 7. Local Government To-day: Rural 183 8. Local Government
To-day: Urban 186

PART II.--GERMANY
IX. THE EMPIRE AND ITS CONSTITUTION 1. Political
Development Prior to 1848 193 2. The Creation of the Empire 198 3.
The Constitution: Nature of the Empire 202 4. The Empire and the
States 205
X. THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT: EMPEROR, CHANCELLOR,
AND BUNDESRATH 1. The Emperor 210 2. The Chancellor 213 3.
The Bundesrath 217
XI. THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT: REICHSTAG, PARTIES,
JUDICIARY (p. xi) 1. Composition of the Reichstag--Electoral System
223 2. Organization and Powers of the Reichstag. 226 3. The Rise of
Political Parties 229 4. Party Politics after 1878 233 5. Parties since
1907 236 6. Law and Justice 241
XII. THE CONSTITUTION OF PRUSSIA--THE CROWN AND THE
MINISTRY 1. The German States and their Governments 245 2. The
Rise of Constitutionalism in Prussia 246 3. The Crown and the Ministry
253
XIII. THE PRUSSIAN LANDTAG--LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1.
Composition of the Landtag 257 2. The Movement for Electoral

Reform 260 3. Organization and Functions of the Landtag 263 4. Local
Government: Origins and Principles 265 5. Local Government: Areas
and Organs 268
XIV. THE MINOR GERMAN STATES--ALSACE-LORRAINE 1.
The More Important Monarchies 275 2. The Lesser Monarchies and the
City Republics 279 3. Alsace-Lorraine 282

PART III.--FRANCE
XV. CONSTITUTIONS SINCE 1789 1. A Century of Political
Instability 289 2. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era 290 3. From
the Restoration to the Revolution of 1848 295 4. The Second Republic
and the Second Empire 297 5. The Establishment of the Third Republic
301 6. The Constitution of To-day 304
XVI. THE PRESIDENT, THE MINISTRY, AND PARLIAMENT 1.
The President 308 2. The