The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913 -
Third Edition

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Title: The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913 Third Edition
Author: Jacob Gould Schurman
Release Date: March 22, 2004 [EBook #11676]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ASCII
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Produced by David Starner and Andrea Ball

THE BALKAN WARS
1912-1913
JACOB GOULD SCHURMAN

THIRD EDITION
1916

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
The interest in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 has exceeded the
expectations of the publishers of this volume. The first edition, which
was published five months ago, is already exhausted and a second is
now called for. Meanwhile there has broken out and is now in progress
a war which is generally regarded as the greatest of all time--a war
already involving five of the six Great Powers and three of the smaller
nations of Europe as well as Japan and Turkey and likely at any time to
embroil other countries in Europe, Asia, and Africa, which are already
embraced in the area of military operations.
This War of Many Nations had its origin in Balkan situation. It began
on July 28 with the declaration of the Dual Monarchy to the effect that
from that moment Austria-Hungary was in a state of war with Servia.
And the fundamental reason for this declaration as given in the note or
ultimatum to Servia was the charge that the Servian authorities had
encouraged the Pan-Serb agitation which seriously menaced the
integrity of Austria-Hungary and had already caused the assassination
at Serajevo of the Heir to the Throne.
No one could have observed at close range the Balkan Wars of
1912-1913 without perceiving, always in the background and
occasionally in the foreground, the colossal rival figures of Russia and
Austria-Hungary. Attention was called to the phenomenon at various
points in this volume and especially in the concluding pages.
The issue of the Balkan struggles of 1912-1913 was undoubtedly
favorable to Russia. By her constant diplomatic support she retained
the friendship and earned the gratitude of Greece, Montenegro, and
Servia; and through her championship, belated though it was, of the
claims of Roumania to territorial compensation for benevolent
neutrality during the war of the Allies against Turkey, she won the
friendship of the predominant Balkan power which had hitherto been
regarded as the immovable eastern outpost of the Triple Alliance. But
while Russia was victorious she did not gain all that she had planned
and hoped for. Her very triumph at Bukarest was a proof that she had
lost her influence over Bulgaria. This Slav state after the war against

Turkey came under the influence of Austria-Hungary, by whom she
was undoubtedly incited to strife with Servia and her other partners in
the late war against Turkey. Russia was unable to prevent the second
Balkan war between the Allies. The Czar's summons to the Kings of
Bulgaria and Servia on June 9, 1913, to submit, in the name of
Pan-Slavism, their disputes to his decision failed to produce the desired
effect, while this assumption of Russian hegemony in Balkan affairs
greatly exacerbated Austro-Hungarian sentiment. That action of the
Czar, however, was clear notification and proof to all the world that
Russia regarded the Slav States in the Balkans as objects of her peculiar
concern and protection.
The first Balkan War--the war of the Allies against Turkey--ended in a
way that surprised all the world. Everybody expected a victory for the
Turks. That the Turks should one day be driven out of Europe was the
universal assumption, but it was the equally fixed belief that the agents
of their expulsion would be the Great Powers or some of the Great
Powers. That the little independent States of the Balkans should
themselves be equal to the task no one imagined,--no one with the
possible exception of the government of Russia. And as Russia rejoiced
over the victory of the Balkan States and the defeat of her secular
Mohammedan neighbor, Austria-Hungary looked on not only with
amazement but with disappointment and chagrin.
For the contemporaneous diplomacy of the Austro-Hungarian
government was based on the assumption that the Balkan States would
be vanquished by Turkey. And its standing policy had been on the one
hand to keep the Kingdom of Servia small and weak (for the Dual
Monarchy was itself an important Serb state) and on the other hand to
broaden her Adriatic possessions and also to make her way through
Novi Bazar and Macedonia to Saloniki and