Scandinavian influence on Southern Lowland Scotch | Page 4

Kjöbenhavn. 1882.
Sweet = Student's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Henry Sweet. Oxford.
1897.
Söderwall = Ordbok öfver svenska Medeltids Språket, A to L. K.F.
Söderwall. Lund. 1884-1890.
Thorkelson = Supplement til islandske Ordböger. Jon Thorkelson.
Reykjavik. 1876-1897.
Wall = "Scandinavian Elements in the English Dialects," by Arnold
Wall. Anglia XX.
Worsaae = Minder om de Danske og Normændene i England, Skotland,
og Irland, af J.J.A. Worsaae. Kjöbenhavn. 1851.
ABBREVIATIONS REFERRING TO LANGUAGES,
GRAMMATICAL TERMS, ETC.
adj. = adjective. adv. = adverb. cp. = compare. conj. = conjunction. Cu.
= Cumbrian, Cumberland. Dan. = New or Modern Danish. dem. pr. =
demonstrative pronoun. deriv. = derivative. dial. = dialect, dialectal.
diall. = dialects. E. Norse = East Norse. Eng. = English, standard
speech. Far. = Faroese. Fr. = French. Gael. = Gaelic. Germ. = German.

Gmc. = Germanic. Goth. = Gothic. id. = the same. inf. = infinitive. Ir. =
Irish. L.G. = Low German. M. Dan. = Middle Danish. M. Du. = Middle
Dutch. M.E. = Middle English. M.H.G. = Middle High German. M.L.G.
= Middle Low German. M. Sco. = Middle Scotch. M. Sw. = Middle
Swedish. Norse = New or Modern Norse. N. Sco. = Modern Scotch
dialects. O. Dan. = Old Danish. O.E. = Old English. O.F. = Old Frisian.
O. Fr. = Old French. O. Ic. = Old Icelandic. O.N. = Old Norse. O. Nh.
= Old Northern. O. Nhb. = Old Northumbrian. O.S. = Old Saxon. O.
Sw. = Old Swedish. p. = page; pp. = pages. p. p. = past participle. pr. p.
= present participle. pret. = preterite. pron. = pronounced. prep. =
preposition. pl. = plural. q.v. = quod vide. Scand. = Scandinavian. Sco.
= Scotch. S.S. = Southern Scotland. sb. = substantive. Sw. = Swedish.
vb. = verb. W.Norse = West Norse. W. Scand. = West Scandinavian.
W.S. = West Saxon. > = developed into. < = derived from. E.D.S. =
English Dialect Society. E.E.T.S. = Early English Text Society. S.T.S.
= Scottish Text Society.

There has been considerable confusion in the use of the terms Norse
and Danish. Either has been used to include the other, or, again, in a
still wider sense, as synonymous with Scandinavian; as, for instance,
when we speak of the Danish kingdoms in Dublin, or Norse elements
in Anglo-Saxon. Danish is the language of Denmark, Norse the
language of Norway. When I use the term Old Danish I mean that
dialect of Old Scandinavian, or Old Northern, that developed on Danish
soil. By Old Norse I mean the old language of Norway. The one is East
Scandinavian, the other West Scandinavian. The term Scandinavian,
being rather political than linguistic, is not a good one, but it has the
advantage of being clear, and I have used it where the better one,
Northern, might lead to confusion with Northern Scotch.

CONTENTS.

PART I. INTRODUCTION.
General Remarks §1 Place-Names and Settlements in Northwestern
England §2 Scandinavian Settlements in Southern Scotland §3
Settlements in England, Norse or Danish? The Place-Name Test §4 By
in Place-Names. Conclusions as to this Test §5 Characteristics of Old
Northern, or Old Scandinavian. Early Dialectal Differentiations §6 Old
Norse and Old Danish §7 Remarks §8 Characteristics of Old
Northumbrian §9 Remarks. Metathesis of r §10 The Question of
Palatalization in Old Northumbrian §11 Sk as a Scandinavian Sign.
Certain Words in sk. Palatalization in Norse §12 Conclusion as to the
Test of Non-palatalization §13. Old and Middle Scotch §14 Some
Characteristics of Scotch. O.E. _[)a] [-a]_ §15 Curtis's Table §16 O.E.
_[-o]_. A List of Illustrative Words from the Aberdeen Dialect §17
Inorganic y in Scotch §18 D for the Spirant th §19 O.E. _[-a]_ and O.N.
_æi_. How far we can Determine such Words to be of Native or of
Norse Origin §20 A List of Some Words that are Norse. Further
Remarks §21 Celtic, Lowland Scotch, and Norse §22 Some Words that
are not Scandinavian Loanwords §23 Loanword Tests §24 Remarks on
the Texts §25

PART II.
A List of Scandinavian Loanwords taken chiefly from "The Bruce,"
"The Wallace," Wyntoun's Chronicle, Dunbar, Douglas, Lyndsay,
Alexander Scott, Montgomery, Ramsay and Burns.

PART III.
1. The Dialectal Provenience of Loanwords.
2. (a) The Old Northern Vowels in the Loanwords. Short Vowels, Long

Vowels, Diphthongs.
(b) The Old Northern Consonants.
* * * * *

PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
1. GENERAL REMARKS.
Worsaae's list of 1400 place-names in England gives us an idea of the
extent, as well as the distribution of Scandinavian settlements in the 9th
and 10th centuries. How long Scandinavian was spoken in England we
do not know, but it is probable that it began to merge into English at an
early date. The result was a language largely mixed with Norse and
Danish elements. These are especially prominent in the M.E.