Scandinavian influence on Southern Lowland Scotch | Page 4

= the same. inf. = infinitive. Ir. = Irish. L.G. = Low German. M. Dan. = Middle Danish. M. Du. = Middle Dutch. M.E. = Middle English. M.H.G. = Middle High German. M.L.G. = Middle Low German. M. Sco. = Middle Scotch. M. Sw. = Middle Swedish. Norse = New or Modern Norse. N. Sco. = Modern Scotch dialects. O. Dan. = Old Danish. O.E. = Old English. O.F. = Old Frisian. O. Fr. = Old French. O. Ic. = Old Icelandic. O.N. = Old Norse. O. Nh. = Old Northern. O. Nhb. = Old Northumbrian. O.S. = Old Saxon. O. Sw. = Old Swedish. p. = page; pp. = pages. p. p. = past participle. pr. p. = present participle. pret. = preterite. pron. = pronounced. prep. = preposition. pl. = plural. q.v. = quod vide. Scand. = Scandinavian. Sco. = Scotch. S.S. = Southern Scotland. sb. = substantive. Sw. = Swedish. vb. = verb. W.Norse = West Norse. W. Scand. = West Scandinavian. W.S. = West Saxon. > = developed into. < = derived from. E.D.S. = English Dialect Society. E.E.T.S. = Early English Text Society. S.T.S. = Scottish Text Society.

There has been considerable confusion in the use of the terms Norse and Danish. Either has been used to include the other, or, again, in a still wider sense, as synonymous with Scandinavian; as, for instance, when we speak of the Danish kingdoms in Dublin, or Norse elements in Anglo-Saxon. Danish is the language of Denmark, Norse the language of Norway. When I use the term Old Danish I mean that dialect of Old Scandinavian, or Old Northern, that developed on Danish soil. By Old Norse I mean the old language of Norway. The one is East Scandinavian, the other West Scandinavian. The term Scandinavian, being rather political than linguistic, is not a good one, but it has the advantage of being clear, and I have used it where the better one, Northern, might lead to confusion with Northern Scotch.

CONTENTS.

PART I. INTRODUCTION.
General Remarks §1 Place-Names and Settlements in Northwestern England §2 Scandinavian Settlements in Southern Scotland §3 Settlements in England, Norse or Danish? The Place-Name Test §4 By in Place-Names. Conclusions as to this Test §5 Characteristics of Old Northern, or Old Scandinavian. Early Dialectal Differentiations §6 Old Norse and Old Danish §7 Remarks §8 Characteristics of Old Northumbrian §9 Remarks. Metathesis of r §10 The Question of Palatalization in Old Northumbrian §11 Sk as a Scandinavian Sign. Certain Words in sk. Palatalization in Norse §12 Conclusion as to the Test of Non-palatalization §13. Old and Middle Scotch §14 Some Characteristics of Scotch. O.E. _[)a] [-a]_ §15 Curtis's Table §16 O.E. _[-o]_. A List of Illustrative Words from the Aberdeen Dialect §17 Inorganic y in Scotch §18 D for the Spirant th §19 O.E. _[-a]_ and O.N. _?i_. How far we can Determine such Words to be of Native or of Norse Origin §20 A List of Some Words that are Norse. Further Remarks §21 Celtic, Lowland Scotch, and Norse §22 Some Words that are not Scandinavian Loanwords §23 Loanword Tests §24 Remarks on the Texts §25

PART II.
A List of Scandinavian Loanwords taken chiefly from "The Bruce," "The Wallace," Wyntoun's Chronicle, Dunbar, Douglas, Lyndsay, Alexander Scott, Montgomery, Ramsay and Burns.

PART III.
1. The Dialectal Provenience of Loanwords.
2. (a) The Old Northern Vowels in the Loanwords. Short Vowels, Long Vowels, Diphthongs.
(b) The Old Northern Consonants.
* * * * *

PART I.
INTRODUCTION.
1. GENERAL REMARKS.
Worsaae's list of 1400 place-names in England gives us an idea of the extent, as well as the distribution of Scandinavian settlements in the 9th and 10th centuries. How long Scandinavian was spoken in England we do not know, but it is probable that it began to merge into English at an early date. The result was a language largely mixed with Norse and Danish elements. These are especially prominent in the M.E. works "Ormulum," "Cursor Mundi," and "Havelok." We have historical records of the Danes in Central and Eastern England. We have no such records of Scandinavian settlements in Northwestern England, but that they took place on an extensive scale 300 place- names in Cumberland and Westmoreland prove. In Southern Scotland, there are only about 100 Scandinavian place-names, which would indicate that such settlements here were on a far smaller scale than in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, or Cumberland--which inference, however, the large number of Scandinavian elements in Early Scotch seems to disprove. I have attempted to ascertain how extensive these elements are in the literature of Scotland. It is possible that the settlements were more numerous than place-names indicate, that they took place at a later date, for instance, than those in Central England. Brate showed that the general character of Scandinavian loanwords in the Ormulum is East Scandinavian. Wall concludes that it is not possible to determine the