Practical Grammar and Composition | Page 9

trouble ---- it has cost. 8. That man ---- wears a cap is a foreigner. 9. The best hotel is the one ---- is nearest the station. 10. Who is it ---- is worthy of that honor? 11. The carriages and the drivers ---- you ordered yesterday have arrived. 12. ---- thing is it ---- you want? 13. He purchased ---- he wished. 14. There is no cloud ---- has not its silver lining. 15. It is the same dog ---- I bought. 16. The man and horse ---- you see pass here every afternoon. 17. ---- did they seek? 18. They inquired ---- he was going to do. 19. Who was it ---- lost the book? 20. The man ---- was a Frenchman was very much excited. 21. It is neither the party nor its candidate ---- gains support. 22. That is a characteristic ---- makes him seem almost rude. 23. It is the same tool ---- I used all day. 24. He is a man ---- inspires little confidence. 25. ---- does he expect of us? 26. It is just such a thing ---- I need. 27. There are few ---- will vote for him. 28. The wagon and children ---- you just saw came from our town. 29. He ---- writes out his lesson does all ---- can be expected. 30. Was it you or the cat ---- made that noise? 31. It is the same song ---- he always sings. 32. Such ---- I have is yours. 33. All the men and horses ---- we had were lost. 34. That is ---- pleased me most and ---- everyone talked about. 35. The horse was one ---- I had never ridden before. 36. That is ---- everyone said.
28. CASE FORMS OF PRONOUNS. Some personal, relative, and interrogative pronouns have distinctive forms for the different cases, and the failure to use the proper case forms in the sentence is one of the most frequent sources of error. The case to be used is to be determined by the use which the pronoun, not its antecedent, has in the sentence. In the sentence, I name HIM, note that himis the object of the verb name. In the sentence, WHOM do you seek, although coming at the first of the sentence, whom is grammatically the object of the verb seek. In the use of pronouns comes the most important need for a knowledge of when to use the different cases.
Note the following different case forms of pronouns:
Nominative: I, we, you, thou, ye, he, she, they, it, who.
Objective: me, us, you, thee, ye, him, her, it, them, whom.
Possessive: my, mine, our, ours, thy, thine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, their, theirs, whose.
It will be noted that, while some forms are the same in both the nominative and objective cases, I, WE, HE, SHE, THEY, THOU, AND WHO ARE ONLY PROPER WHERE THE NOMINATIVE CASE SHOULD BE USED. ME, US, HIM, THEM, THEE, WHOM, AND HER, except when her is possessive, ARE ONLY PROPER WHEN THE OBJECTIVE CASE IS DEMANDED. These forms must be remembered. It is only with these pronouns that mistakes are made in the use of the nominative and objective cases.
29. THE FOLLOWING OUTLINE EXPLAINS THE USE OF THE DIFFERENT CASE FORMS OF THE PRONOUNS. The outline should be mastered.
THE NOMINATIVE CASE SHOULD BE USED:
1. When the noun or pronoun is the subject of a finite verb; that is, a verb other than an infinitive. See 3 under Objective Case.
2. When it is an attribute complement. An attribute complement, as explained in Chapter I, is a word used in the predicate explaining or stating something about the subject. Examples: It is I, The man was HE, The people were THEY of whom we spoke.
3. When it is used without relation to any other part of speech, as in direct address or exclamation.
THE OBJECTIVE CASE SHOULD BE USED:
1. When the noun or pronoun is the object of a verb; as, He named ME, She deceived THEM, They watch US.
2. When it is the object of a preposition, expressed or understood: as, He spoke of ME, For WHOM do you take me, He told (to) ME a story.
3. When it is the subject of an infinitive; as, I told HIM to go, I desire HER to hope. The infinitives are the parts of the verb preceded by to; as, to go, to see, to be, to have been seen, etc. The sign of the infinitive, to, is not always expressed. The objective case is, nevertheless, used; as, Let HIM (to) go, Have HER (to be) told about it.
4. When it is an attribute complement of an expressed subject of the infinitive to be; as, They believed her to be ME, He denied it to have been him. (See Note 2