Physiology and Hygiene for Secondary Schools | Page 2

of the body by the pupil are set in small type, to be used at the discretion of the teacher.
The use of books of reference is earnestly recommended. For this purpose the usual high school texts may be employed to good advantage. A few more advanced works should, however, be frequently consulted. For this purpose Martin's Human Body (Advanced Course), Rettger's Advanced Lessons in Physiology, Thornton's Human Physiology, Huxley's Lessons in Elementary Physiology, Howell's A Text-book of Physiology, Hough and Sedgwick's Hygiene and Sanitation, and Pyle's Personal Hygiene will be found serviceable.
In the preparation of this work valuable assistance has been rendered by Dr. C.N. McAllister, Department of Psychology, and by Professor B.M. Stigall, Department of Biology, along the lines of their respective specialties, and in a more general way by President W.J. Hawkins and others of the Warrensburg, Missouri, State Normal School. Expert advice from Professor S.D. Magers, Instructor in Physiology and Bacteriology, State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Michigan, has been especially helpful, and many practical suggestions from the high school teachers of physiology of Kansas City, Missouri, Professor C.H. Nowlin, Central High School, Dr. John W. Scott, Westport High School, and Professor A.E. Shirling, Manual Training High School, all of whom read both manuscript and proofs, have been incorporated. Considerable material for the Practical Work, including the respiration experiment (page 101) and the reaction time experiment (page 323), were contributed by Dr. Scott. Professor Nowlin's suggestions on subject-matter and methods of presentation deserve special mention. To these and many others the author makes grateful acknowledgment.
F.M.W.
MISSOURI STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, SECOND DISTRICT, May 1, 1909.

CONTENTS
Preface Contents

PART I: THE VITAL PROCESSES


CHAPTER I
- INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II
- GENERAL VIEW OF THE BODY

CHAPTER III
- THE BODY ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER IV
- THE BLOOD

CHAPTER V
- THE CIRCULATION

CHAPTER VI
- THE LYMPH AND ITS MOVEMENT THROUGH THE BODY

CHAPTER VII
- RESPIRATION

CHAPTER VIII
- PASSAGE OF OXYGEN THROUGH THE BODY

CHAPTER IX
- FOODS AND THE THEORY OF DIGESTION

CHAPTER X
- ORGANS AND PROCESSES OF DIGESTION

CHAPTER XI
- ABSORPTION, STORAGE, AND ASSIMILATION

CHAPTER XII
- ENERGY SUPPLY OF THE BODY

CHAPTER XIII
- GLANDS AND THE WORK OF EXCRETION

PART II: MOTION, COORDINATION, AND SENSATION


CHAPTER XIV
- THE SKELETON

CHAPTER XV
- THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

CHAPTER XVI
- THE SKIN

CHAPTER XVII
- STRUCTURE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER XVIII
- PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER XIX
- HYGIENE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

CHAPTER XX
- PRODUCTION OF SENSATIONS

CHAPTER XXI
- THE LARYNX AND THE EAR

CHAPTER XXII
- THE EYE

CHAPTER XXIII
- THE GENERAL PROBLEM OF KEEPING WELL APPENDIX INDEX

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE



PART I: THE VITAL PROCESSES


CHAPTER I
- INTRODUCTION
To derive strength equal to the daily task; to experience the advantages of health and avoid the pain, inconvenience, and danger of disease; to live out contentedly and usefully the natural span of life: these are problems that concern all people. They are, however, but different phases of one great problem--the problem of properly managing or caring for the body. To supply knowledge necessary to the solution of this problem is the chief reason why the body is studied in our public schools.
*Divisions of the Subject.*--The body is studied from three standpoints: structure, use of parts, and care or management. This causes the main subject to be considered under three heads, known as anatomy, physiology, and hygiene.
Anatomy treats of the construction of the body--the parts which compose it, what they are like, and where located. Its main divisions are known as gross anatomy and histology. Gross anatomy treats of the larger structures of the body, while histology treats of the minute structures of which these are composed--parts too small to be seen with the naked eye and which have to be studied with the aid of the microscope.
Physiology treats of the function, or use, of the different parts of the body--the work which the parts do and how they do it--and of their relations to one another and to the body as a whole.
Hygiene treats of the proper care or management of the body. In a somewhat narrower sense it treats of the "laws of health." Hygiene is said to be personal, when applied by the individual to his own body; domestic, when applied to a small group of people, as the family; and public, or general, when applied to the community as a whole or to the race.
*The General Aim of Hygiene.*--There are many so-called laws of health, and for these laws it is essential in the management of the body to find a common basis. This basic law, suggested by the nature of the body and conditions that affect its well-being, may be termed the Law of Harmony: The mode of living must harmonize with the plan of the body. To live properly one must supply the conditions which his body, on account of its nature and plan, requires. On the other hand, he must avoid those things and conditions which are injurious, i.e., out of harmony with the body plan. To secure these results, it is necessary to determine