single atom be removed, the picture may be taken as correct, and
will give some idea of the complexity of this fundamental unit of the
physical universe.
Turning to the force side of the atom and its combinations, we observe
that force pours in the heart-shaped depression at the top of the atom,
and issues from the point, and is changed in character by its passage;
further, force rushes through every spiral and every spirilla, and the
changing shades of colour that flash out from the rapidly revolving and
vibrating atom depend on the several activities of the spirals;
sometimes one, sometimes another, is thrown into more energetic
action, and with the change of activity from one spiral to another the
colour changes.
The building of a gaseous atom of hydrogen may be traced downward
from E 1, and, as stated above, the lines given in the diagram are
intended to indicate the play of the forces which bring about the several
combinations. Speaking generally, positive bodies are marked by their
contained atoms setting their points towards each other and the centre
of their combination, and repelling each other outwards; negative
bodies are marked by the heart-shaped depressions being turned
inwards, and by a tendency to move towards each other instead of away.
Every combination begins by a welling up of force at a centre, which is
to form the centre of the combination; in the first positive hydrogen
combination, E 2, an atom revolving at right angles to the plane of the
paper and also revolving on its own axis, forms the centre, and force,
rushing out at its lower point, rushes in at the depressions of two other
atoms, which then set themselves with their points to the centre; the
lines are shown in +b, right-hand figure. (The left-hand figure indicates
the revolution of the atoms each by itself.) As this atomic triad whirls
round, it clears itself a space, pressing back the undifferentiated matter
of the plane, and making to itself a whirling wall of this matter, thus
taking the first step towards building up the chemical hydrogen atom. A
negative atomic triad is similarly formed, the three atoms being
symmetrically arranged round the centre of out-welling force. These
atomic triads then combine, two of the linear arrangement being
attracted to each other, and two of the triangular, force again welling up
and forming a centre and acting on the triads as on a single atom, and a
limiting wall being again formed as the combination revolves round its
centre. The next stage is produced by each of these combinations on E
3 attracting to itself a third atomic triad of the triangular type from E 2,
by the setting up of a new centre of up-welling force, following the
lines traced in the combinations of E 4. Two of these uniting, and their
triangles interpenetrating, the chemical atom is formed, and we find it
to contain in all eighteen ultimate physical atoms.
The next substance investigated was oxygen, a far more complicated
and puzzling body; the difficulties of observation were very much
increased by the extraordinary activity shown by this element and the
dazzling brilliancy of some of its constituents. The gaseous atom is an
ovoid body, within which a spirally-coiled snake-like body revolves at
a high velocity, five brilliant points of light shining on the coils. The
snake appears to be a solid rounded body, but on raising the atom to E
4 the snake splits lengthwise into two waved bodies, and it is seen that
the appearance of solidity is due to the fact that these spin round a
common axis in opposite directions, and so present a continuous
surface, as a ring of fire can be made by whirling a lighted stick. The
brilliant bodies seen in the atom are on the crests of the waves in the
positive snake, and in the hollows in the negative one; the snake itself
consists of small bead-like bodies, eleven of which interpose between
the larger brilliant spots. On raising these bodies to E 3 the snakes
break up, each bright spot carrying with it six beads on one side and
five on the other; these twist and writhe about still with the same
extraordinary activity, reminding one of fire-flies stimulated to wild
gyrations. It can been seen that the larger brilliant bodies each enclose
seven ultimate atoms, while the beads each enclose two. (Each bright
spot with its eleven beads is enclosed in a wall, accidentally omitted in
the diagram.) On the next stage, E 2, the fragments of the snakes break
up into their constituent parts; the positive and negative bodies, marked
d and _d'_, showing a difference of arrangement of the atoms contained
in them. These again finally disintegrate, setting free the ultimate
physical atoms,
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