New Forces in Old China | Page 3

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New Forces in Old China
An Inevitable Awakening
by ARTHUR JUDSON BROWN

To my Friends in China

Preface
THE object of this book is to describe the operation upon and within
old, conservative, exclusive China of the three great transforming
forces of the modern world--Western trade, Western politics and
Western religion. These forces are producing stupendous changes in
that hitherto sluggish mass of humanity. The full significance of these
changes both to China and to the world cannot be comprehended now.
There is something fascinating and at the same time something
appalling in the spectacle of a nation numbering nearly one-third of the
human race slowly and majestically rousing itself from the torpor of
ages under the influence of new and powerful revolutionary forces. No
other movement of our age is so colossal, no other is more pregnant
with meaning. In the words of D. C. Bougler, ``The grip of the outer
world has tightened round China. It will either strangle her or galvanize
her into fresh life.''
The immediate occasion of this volume was the invitation of the faculty
of Princeton Theological Seminary to deliver a series of lectures on
China on the Student Lectureship Foundation and to publish them in
book form. This will account in part for the style of some passages. I
have, however, added considerable material which was not included in
the lectures, while some articles that were contributed to the Century
Magazine, the American Monthly Review of Reviews and other
magazines have been inserted in their proper place in the discussion.
The materials were gathered not only in study and correspondence but
in an extended tour of Asia in the years 1901 and 1902. In that tour,
advantage was taken of every opportunity to confer with Chinese of all
classes, foreign consuls, editors, business men and American, German
and British officials, as well as with missionaries of all denominations.
Everywhere I was cordially received, and, as I look at my voluminous

note-books, I am very grateful to the men of all faiths and nationalities
who so generously aided me in my search for information.
No one system of spelling Chinese names has been followed for the
simple reason that no one has been generally accepted. The Chinese
characters represent words and ideas rather than letters and can only be
phonetically reproduced in English. Unfortunately, scholars differ
widely as to this phonetic spelling, while each nationality works in its
own peculiarities wherever practicable. And so we have Manchuria,
Mantchuria and Manchouria; Kiao-chou, Kiau-Tshou, Kiao-Chau,
Kiau- tschou and Kiao-chow; Chinan and Tsi-nan; Ychou, Ichow and
I-chou; Tsing-tau and Ching-Dao; while Mukden is confusingly known
as Moukden , Shen-Yang, Feng-tien-fu and Sheng- king. As some
authors follow one system, some another and some none at all, and as
usage varies in different parts of the Empire, an attempt at uniformity
would have involved the correction of quotations and the changing of
forms that have the sanction of established usage as, for example,