Mankind and Political Arithmetic | Page 4

the rebuilding. Nobody knew, and no one
even now can calculate, how many lives the Fire of London saved.
There was in Petty's time no direct numbering of the people. The first
census in this country was not until more than a hundred years after Sir
William Petty's death, although he points out in these essays how easily
it could be established, and what useful information it would give.
There was a census taken at Rome 566 years before Christ. But the first
census in Great Britain was taken in 1801, under provision of an Act
passed on the last day of the year 1800, to secure a numbering of the
population every ten years. Ireland was not included in the return; the
first census in Ireland was not until the year 1813.
Sir William Petty had to base his calculations partly upon the Bills of

Mortality, which had been imperfectly begun under Elizabeth, but fell
into disuse, and were revived, as a weekly record of the number of
deaths, beginning on the 29th of October, 1603; notices of diseases first
appeared in them in 1629. The weekly bills were published every
Thursday, and any householder could have them supplied to him for
four shillings a year. These essays will show how inferences as to the
number of the living were drawn from the number of the dead. And
even now our Political Arithmetic depends too much upon rough
calculations made from the death register. It is seven years since the
last census; we have lost count of the changes in our population to a
very great extent, and have to wait three years before our reckoning can
be made sure. The interval should be reduced to five years.
Another of Sir William Petty's helps in the arithmetic of population was
the Chimney Tax, a revival of the old fumage or hearth-money-- smoke
farthings, as the people called them--once paid, according to Domesday
Book, for every chimney in a house. Charles the Second had set up a
chimney tax in the year 1662; the statistics of the collection were at the
service of Sir William Petty. The tax outlived him but two years. It was
promptly abolished in the first year of William and Mary.
The interest taken at home and abroad in these calculations of Political
Arithmetic set other men calculating, and reasoning upon their
calculations. The next worker in that direction was Gregory King,
Lancaster Herald, whose calculations immediately followed those of
Sir William Petty. Sir William Petty's essays extended from 1682 until
his death in 1687. Gregory King's estimates were made in 1689. They
were a study of the number population and distribution of wealth
among us at the time of the English Revolution, and the unpublished
results were first printed in a chapter on "The People of England,"
which formed part a volume published in 1699 as "An Essay upon the
Probable Methods of making a People Gainers in the Balance of Trade,
by the Author of the Essay on Ways and Means." The volume was
written by a member of Parliament in the days of William and Mary,
who desired to apply principles of political economy to the
maintenance of English wealth and liberty. It has been wrongly scribed
to Defoe; and its suggestion of the plan a trading Corporation for
solution of the whole problem of relief to the poor who cannot work,
and relief from the poor who can, might indeed make another chapter in

Defoe's "Essay on Projects." The chapter, which gives the Political
Arithmetic of Gregory King, with such comment and suggestions as
might be expected from a liberal supporter of the Revolution, and with
this suggestion of a Corporation, is in itself a complete essay. It follows
naturally upon the Political Arithmetic of Sir William Petty in close
sequence of time, and in carrying a like method of inquiry forward until
it reaches a few more conclusions. I have, therefore, added it to this
volume. It seems, at any rate, to show how Sir William Petty's books,
of which the very small size grieved the stationer, had a large influence
on other minds; his figures bearing fruit in a new search for facts and
careful reasoning on the condition of the country at one of the most
critical times in English history.
H. M.

THE STATIONER TO THE READER

The ensuing essay concerning the growth of the city of London was
entitled "Another Essay," intimating that some other essay had
preceded it, which was not to be found. I having been much importuned
for that precedent essay, have found that the same was about the growth,
increase, and multiplication of mankind, which subject should in order
of nature precede that of the growth of the city of London, but am