Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines | Page 3

partial expression of my admiration of his beautiful character, and of my appreciation of his friendship.
LEWIS H. MORGAN
ROCHESTER, N. Y., June, 1881

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I
.
SOCIAL AND GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION.
The Gens: organized upon kin; rights, privileges, and obligations of its members--The Phratry: its character and functions--The Tribe: its composition and attributes--The Confederacy of Tribes: its nature, character and functions.

CHAPTER II
.
THE LAW OF HOSPITALITY AND ITS GENERAL PRACTICE.
Indian tribes in three dissimilar conditions--Savage tribes-- Partially horticultural tribes--Village Indians--Usages and customs affecting their house life--The law of hospitality practiced by the Iroquois; by the Algonkin tribes of lower Virginia; by the Delawares and Munsees; by the tribes of the Missouri, of the Valley of the Columbia; by the Dakota tribes of the Mississippi, by the Algonkin tribes of Wisconsin; by the Cherokees, Choctaws, and Creeks; by the Village Indians of New Mexico, of Mexico, of Central America; by the tribes of Venezuela; by the Peruvians--Universality of the usage--It implies communism in living in large households.

CHAPTER III
.
COMMUNISM IN LIVING.
A law of their condition--Large households among Indian tribes-- Communism in living in the household--Long Houses of the Iroquois-- Several families in a house--Communism in household--Long Houses of Virginia Indians--Clustered cabins of the Creeks--Communism in the cluster--Hunting bands on the plains--The capture a common stock-- Fishing bands on the Columbia--The capture a common stock--Large households in tribes of the Colombia--Communism in the household-- Mandan houses--Contained several families--Houses of the Sauks the same--Village Indians of New Mexico--Mayas of Yucatan--Their present communism in living--Large households of Indians of Cuba, of Venezuela, of Carthagena, of Peru.

CHAPTER IV
.
USAGES AND CUSTOMS WITH RESPECT TO LAND AND FOOD.
Tribal domain owned by the tribe in common--Possessory right in individuals and families to such land as they cultivated--Government compensation for Indian lands paid to tribe; for improvements to individuals--Apartments of a house and possessory rights to lands went to gentile heirs--Tenure of land among sedentary Village Indians at Taos, Jemex, and Zunyi--Among Aztecs or Ancient Mexicans, as presented by Mr. Bandelier; in Peru--The usage of having but one prepared meal each day, a dinner--Rule among Northern tribes--A breakfast as well as a dinner claimed for the Mexicans--Separation at meals, the men eating first, and by themselves, and the women and children afterwards.

CHAPTER V
.
HOUSES OF INDIAN TRIBES NORTH OF NEW MEXICO.
Houses of Indian tribes must be considered as parts of a common system of construction--A common principle runs through all its forms; that of adaptation to communism in living within the household--It explains this architecture--Communal houses of tribes in savagery; in California; in the valley of the Yukon; in the valley of the Columbia--Communal house of tribes in the lower status of barbarism-- Ojibwa lodge--Dakota skin tent--Long houses of Virginia Indians; of Nyach tribe on Long Island; of Seneca-Iroquois; of Onondaga-Iroquois-- Dirt Lodge of Mandans and Minnetarees--Thatched houses of Maricopas and Mohaves of the Colorado; of the Pimas of the Gila--What a comparison shows.

CHAPTER VI
.
HOUSES OF THE SEDENTARY INDIANS OF NEW MEXICO.
Improved character of houses--The defensive principle incorporated in their plan of the Houses--Their joint tenement character--Two or more stories high--Improved apparel, pottery, and fabrics--Pueblo of Santo Domingo; of adobe bricks--Built in terraced town--Ground story closed--Terraces reached by ladders--Rooms entered through trap-doors in ceilings--Pueblo of Zunyi--Ceiling--Water-jars and hand mill--Moki pueblo--Room in same--Ceiling like that at Zunyi-- Pueblo of Taos--Estufas for holding councils--Size of adobes--Of doorways--Window-openings and trap-doorways--Present governmental organization--Room in pueblo--Fire-places and chimneys of modern introduction--Present ownership and inheritance of property--Village Indians have declined since their discovery--Sun worship--The Montezuma religion--Seclusion from religious motives.

CHAPTER VII
.
HOUSES IN RUINS OF THE SEDENTARY INDIANS OF THE SAN JUAN RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES.
Pueblos in stone--The best structures in New Mexico--Ruins in the valley of the Chaco--Exploration of Lieut. J. H. Simpson in 1849; of William H. Jackson in 1877--Map of valley--Ground plans--Pueblo Pintado and Weje-gi--Constructed of tabular pieces of sandstone-- Estufas and their uses--Pueblos Una Vida and Hungo Pavie--Restoration of Hungo Pavie--Pueblo of Chettro-Kettle--Room in same--Form of ceiling--Pueblo Bonito--Room in same--Restoration of Pueblo--Pueblo del Arroyo--Pueblo Penyasca Blanca--Seven large pueblos and two smaller ones--Pueblo Alto without the valley on table land on the north side--Probably the "Seven Cities of Cibola" of Coronado's Expedition--Reasons for supposition--The pueblos constructed gradually--Remarkable appearance of the valley when inhabited.

CHAPTER VIII
.
HOUSES IN RUINS OF THE SEDENTARY INDIANS OF THE SAN JUAN RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES--(Continued.)
Ruins of stone pueblo on Animas River--Ground plan--Each room faced with stone, showing natural faces--Constructed like those in Chaco-- Adobe mortar--Its composition and efficiency--Lime unknown in New Mexico--Gypsum mortar probably used in New Mexico and Central America-- Cedar poles used as lintels--Cedar beams used as joists--Estufas; neither fire-places nor chimneys--The House a fortress--Second stone pueblo--Six other pueblos in ruins near--The Montezuma Valley--Nine pueblos in ruins in a cluster--Diagram--Ruins of stone pueblos near Ute Mountain--Outline of plan--Round tower of stone with three concentric walls--Incorporated in pueblo--Another round tower--With two concentric walls--Stands isolated--Other ruins--San Juan district