Fighting Instructions, 1530-1816 | Page 3

1648 87
Supplementary Instructions, circa 1650 88 Marten Tromp, 1652 91
2. INTRODUCTORY. ORDERS ISSUED DURING THE WAR, 1653
and 1654 92 Commonwealth Orders, 1653 99

PART V.--THE SECOND DUTCH WAR
1. INTRODUCTORY. ORDERS OF THE RESTORATION 107 The
Earl of Sandwich, 1665 108
2. INTRODUCTORY. MONCK, PRINCE RUPERT, AND THE
DUKE OF YORK 110 The Duke of York, 1665 122 His Additional
Instructions, 1665 126 His Supplementary Order 128 Prince Rupert,
1666 129

PART VI.--THE THIRD DUTCH WAR TO
THE REVOLUTION
1. INTRODUCTORY. PROGRESS OF TACTICS DURING THE
WAR 133 The Duke of York, 1672 146 His Supplementary Orders,
1672 148 The Duke of York, 1672-3 149 Final form of the Duke of
York's Orders, 1673, with additions and observations subsequently
made 152
2. INTRODUCTORY. MEDITERRANEAN ORDERS, 1678 164 Sir
John Narbrough, 1678 165

3. INTRODUCTORY. THE LAST STUART ORDERS 168 Lord
Dartmouth, 1688 170

PART VII.--WILLIAM III. AND ANNE
1. INTRODUCTORY. LORD TORRINGTON, TOURVILLE, AND
HOSTE 175 Admiral Edward Russell, 1691 188
2. INTRODUCTORY. THE PERMANENT INSTRUCTIONS,
1703-1783 195 Sir George Rooke, 1703 197

PART VIII.--ADDITIONAL FIGHTING
INSTRUCTIONS OF THE EIGHTEENTH
CENTURY
INTRODUCTORY, ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE
ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS 203 Admiral Vernon, circa 1740
214 Lord Anson, circa 1747 216 Sir Edward Hawke, 1756 317
Admiral Boscawen, 1759 219 Sir George Rodney, 1782 225 Lord
Hood's Additions, 1783 228

PART IX.--THE LAST PHASE
1. INTRODUCTORY. THE NEW SIGNAL BOOK INSTRUCTIONS
233 Lord Howe, 1782 239
2. INTRODUCTORY. THE SIGNAL BOOKS OF THE GREAT WAR
252 Lord Howe's Explanatory Instructions, 1799 268
3. INTRODUCTORY. NELSON'S TACTICAL MEMORANDA 280

The Toulon Memorandum, 1803 313 The Trafalgar Memorandum,
1805 316
4. INTRODUCTORY. INSTRUCTIONS AFTER TRAFALGAR 321
Admiral Gambier, 1807 327 Lord Collingwood, 1808-1810 328 Sir
Alexander Cochrane, 1805-14 330
5. INTRODUCTORY, THE SIGNAL BOOK OF 1816 335 The
Instructions of 1816 342
APPENDIX. 'FURTHER PARTICULARS OF THE TRAFALGAR
FIGHT' 351
INDEX 359

PART 1
EARLY TUDOR PERIOD
I. ALONSO DE CHAVES, circa 1530
II. SIR THOMAS AUDLEY, 1530
III. LORD LISLE, 1545

ALONSO DE CHAVES ON SAILING TACTICS
INTRODUCTORY
The following extract from the Espejo de Navegantes, or _Seamen's
Glass_, of Alonso de Chaves serves to show the development which
naval tactics had reached at the dawn of the sailing epoch. The treatise
was apparently never published. It was discovered by Captain
Fernandez Duro, the well-known historian of the Spanish navy,
amongst the manuscripts in the library of the Academy of History at
Madrid. The exact date of its production is not known; but Alonso de

Chaves was one of a group of naval writers and experts who flourished
at the court of the Emperor Charles V in the first half of the sixteenth
century.[1] He was known to Hakluyt, who mentions him in connection
with his own cherished idea of getting a lectureship in navigation
established in London. 'And that it may appear,' he writes in dedicating
the second edition of his Voyages to the lord admiral, 'that this is no
vain fancy nor device of mine it may please your lordship to understand
that the late Emperor Charles the Fifth ... established not only a
Pilot-Major for the examination of such as sought to take charge of
ships in that voyage' (_i.e._ to the Indies), 'but also founded a notable
lecture of the Art of Navigation which is read to this day in the
Contractation House at Seville. The Readers of the Lecture have not
only carefully taught and instructed the Spanish mariners by word of
mouth, but also have published sundry exact and worthy treatises
concerning marine causes for the direction and encouragement of
posterity. The learned works of three of which Readers, namely of
Alonso de Chaves, of Hieronymus de Chaves, and of Roderigo
Zamorano, came long ago very happily to my hands, together with the
straight and severe examining of all such Masters as desire to take
charge for the West Indies.' Since therefore De Chaves was an official
lecturer to the Contractation House, the Admiralty of the Indies, we
may take it that he speaks with full authority of the current naval
thought of the time. That he represented a somewhat advanced school
seems clear from the pains he takes in his treatise to defend his
opinions against the old idea which still prevailed, that only galleys and
oared craft could be marshalled in regular order. 'Some may say,' he
writes, 'that at sea it is not possible to order ships and tactics in this way,
nor to arrange beforehand so nicely for coming to the attack or bringing
succour just when wanted, and that therefore there is no need to labour
an order of battle since order cannot be kept. To such I answer that the
same objection binds the enemy, and that with equal arms he who has