England Under the Tudors | Page 4

Voyage_: 1577--Drake in the Pacific, 1578--in the North Pacific,
1579-- his Return, 1580--_Various Voyages_:
1576-1587--Raleigh--Humphrey Gilbert--Virginia.

CHAPTER XXIV
ELIZABETH (ix), 1587-1588-THE ARMADA 1587. Results of Mary's
Death-- Attitude of Philip--Attitude of Elizabeth--The
situation--Drake's Cadiz Expedition--Negotiations with
Parma--Elizabeth's Diplomacy--French Affairs --Preparations for the
Armada--1588. Plans of Campaign--Forces of the Antagonists--The
New Tactics--Defective Arrangements--The Land Forces--May to
July--The Fleets off Plymouth--The Fight off Portland--The Fight off
the Isle of Wight--Effect on the Fleets--The Armada at Calais--The
Battle off Gravelines--Flight and Ruin of the Armada.

CHAPTER XXV
ELIZABETH (x), 1588-1598-BRITANNIA VICTRIX After the
Armada--A new Phase--Death of Leicester--France, 1588-9--England

aggressive--Alternative Naval Policies--Don Antonio--Plan of the
Lisbon Expedition--1589. The Expedition; Corunna and Peniche--The
Lisbon Failure--Policies and Persons-- France, 1589-1593--1590. Death
of Walsingham--The Year's Operations--1591. Grenville's Last
Fight--France, 1590-3--Operations, 1592-4--Survey, 1589-94 --Spain
and the English Catholics--Scottish Intrigues--Ireland: 1583-1592
--Tyrone, 1592-4--1595. Drake's Last Voyage--1596. The Cadiz
Expedition-- Ireland--The Second Armada--1597. The Island
Voyage--1598. Condition of Spain--Death of Philip--Death of Burghley:
Appreciation.

CHAPTER XXVI
ELIZABETH (xi), 1598-1603--THE QUEEN'S LAST YEARS A new
Generation--1598. Ireland--The Earl of Essex--1599. Essex in
Ireland--His Downfall--Catholic Factions--Philip
III.--1600--Ireland--Succession Intrigues--The End of Essex--Robert
Cecil--1601. Ireland: Rebellion broken--1602. The Succession --Last
Intrigues--1603. Death of Elizabeth.

CHAPTER XXVII
ELIZABETH (xii), 1558-1603--LITERATURE Birth of a National
Literature-- _Prose_: before
1579--1579-1589--_Euphues_--Sidney--Hooker-- _Verse_: before
1579--1579-1590--_Drama_: before Elizabeth-- early
Elizabethan--_The Younger Generation>_: pervading Characteristics
Displayed in the Drama--and other Fields--Breadth of
view--Patriotism--Normal Types.

CHAPTER XXVIII

ELIZABETH (xiii), 1558-1603--ASPECTS OF THE REIGN Features
of the Reign-- _Religion_: State and Church--The State and the
Catholics--The Church and the Puritans--Archbishop Whitgift--The
Persecutions--_Economic Progress_--Retrenchment--Wealth and
Poverty--Trade Restrictions and Development--_Travellers_--Maritime
Expansion--_The Constitution-- Elizabeth_: her People--her
Ministers--Appreciation.

APPENDICES
APPENDIX A--TABLES
I. CONTEMPORARY RULERS--1475-1542 II. CONTEMPORARY
RULERS--1542-1603 III. THE LENNOX STEWARTS IV.
HOWARDS AND BOLEYNS V. HABSBURGS VI. VALOIS AND
BOURBONS VII. GUISES DESCENDANTS OF EDWARD III. THE
PORTUGUESE SUCCESSION
APPENDIX B
CLAIMS TO THE THRONE
APPENDIX C
THE QUEEN OF SCOTS
APPENDIX D
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MAPS
I. THE WORLD: AS KNOWN circa 1485-1603. II. WESTERN
EUROPE: circa 1558 III. ENGLAND AND IRELAND IV. SPANISH
AMERICA: _circa 1580 V. THE LOW COUNTRIES AND THE
CHANNEL THE FLODDEN CAMPAIGN
INDEX

ENGLAND UNDER THE TUDORS
INTRODUCTION
THE TUDOR PERIOD, 1485-1603
[Sidenote: An era of Revolutions]
The historian of the future will, perhaps, affirm that the nineteenth
century, with the last years of the eighteenth, has been a period more
fraught with momentous events in the development of the nations than

any equal period since the Christian era commenced. Yet striking as are
the developments witnessed by the last four generations, the years
when England was ruled by Princes of the House of Tudor have a
history hardly if at all less momentous. For though what we call the
Tudor period, from 1485 to 1603, is determined by a merely dynastic
title affecting England alone, the reign of that dynasty happens to
coincide in point of time with the greatest territorial revolution on
record, a religious revolution unparalleled since the rise of Mohammed,
and an intellectual activity to match which we must go back to the great
days of Hellas, or forward to the nineteenth century: revolutions all of
them not specifically English, but affecting immediately every nation in
Europe; while one of them extended itself to every continent on the
globe. Moreover, the accompanying social revolution, though
comparatively superficial, was only a little less marked than the others.
Nor was there any country in Europe more influenced by the general
Revolution in any one of its aspects than England.
Nihil per saltum is no doubt as true of historical movements as of
physical evolution. Before Columbus sighted Hispaniola, Portuguese
sailors had told tales of some vast island seen by them far in the west.
Botticelli had passed out of Filippo Lippi's school, and Leonardo was
thirty, before Raphael was born; the printing press had reached England,
and Greek had been re-discovered, in the last years of the previous
"period"; the Byzantine Empire had fallen; the power of the old
Baronage in England and France had been broken before Richard fell
on Bosworth field. There were Lollards at home and Hussites abroad
before Luther came into the world. The changes did not begin in 1485,
or in any particular year. In Italy the intellectual movement had already
long been active, and had indeed produced its best work; outside of
Italy, its appearances had been quite sporadic. At that date, the Ocean
movement was in its initial stages. There had been foreshadowings of
the Reformation; and, to speak metaphorically, the castles which had
maintained the power of the nobility, overshadowing the gentry and the
burghers, were already in ruins. But the fame of every one of the great
English names which are landmarks in every one of these great
movements belongs essentially to the years after 1485. And every one
of those movements had definitely and decisively