Deductive Logic | Page 7

is built upon the term. Logic therefore
naturally divides itself into three parts.
The First Part of Logic deals with the Term; The Second Part deals
with the Proposition; The Third Part deals with the Inference.


PART I.--OF TERMS.

CHAPTER 1.
Of the Term as distinguished from other words.
§ 57. The word 'term' means a boundary.
§ 58. The subject and predicate are the two terms, or boundaries, of a
proposition. In a proposition we start from a subject and end in a
predicate (§§ 182-4), there being nothing intermediate between the two
except the act of pronouncing as to their agreement or disagreement,
which is registered externally under the sign of the copula. Thus the
subject is the 'terminus a quo,' and the predicate is the 'terminus ad
quem.'

§ 59. Hence it appears that the term by its very name indicates that it is
arrived at by an analysis of the proposition. It is the judgement or
proposition that is the true unit of thought and speech. The proposition
as a whole is prior in conception to the terms which are its parts: but
the parts must come before the whole in the synthetic order of
treatment.
§ 60. A term is the same thing as a name or noun.
§ 61. A name is a word, or collection of words, which serves as a mark
to recall or transmit the idea of a thing, either in itself or through some
of its attributes.
§ 62. Nouns, or names, are either Substantive or Adjective.
A Noun Substantive is the name of a thing in itself, that is to say,
without reference to any special attribute.
§ 63. A Noun Adjective is a name which we are entitled to add to a
thing, when we know it to possess a given attribute.
§ 64. The Verb, as such, is not recognised by logic, but is resolved into
predicate and copula, that is to say, into a noun which is affirmed or
denied of another, plus the sign of that affirmation or denial. 'The kettle
boils' is logically equivalent to 'The kettle is boiling,' though it is by no
means necessary to express the proposition in the latter shape. Here we
see that 'boils' is equivalent to the noun 'boiling' together with the
copula 'is,' which declares its agreement with the noun 'kettle.' 'Boiling'
here is a noun adjective, which we are entitled to add to 'kettle,' in
virtue of certain knowledge which we have about the latter. Being a
verbal noun, it is called in grammar a participle, rather than a mere
adjective. The word 'attributive' in logic embraces both the adjective
and participle of grammar.
§ 65. In grammar every noun is a separate word: but to logic, which is
concerned with the thought rather than with the expression, it is
indifferent whether a noun, or term, consists of one word or many. The
latter are known as 'many-worded names.' In the following passage,

taken at random from Butler's Analogy--'These several observations,
concerning the active principle of virtue and obedience to God's
commands, are applicable to passive submission or resignation to his
will'--we find the subject consisting of fourteen words, and the
predicate of nine. It is the exception rather than the rule to find a
predicate which consists of a single word. Many-worded names in
English often consist of clauses introduced by the conjunction 'that,' as
'That letters should be written in strict conformity with nature is true':
often also of a grammatical subject with one or more dependent clauses
attached to it, as
'He who fights and runs away, Will live to fight another day.'
§ 66. Every term then is not a word, since a term may consist of a
collection of words. Neither is every word a term. 'Over,' for instance,
and 'swiftly,' and, generally, what are called particles in grammar, do
not by themselves constitute terms, though they may be employed
along with other words to make up a term.
§ 67. The notions with which thought deals involve many subtle
relations and require many nice modifications. Language has
instruments, more or less perfect, whereby such relations and
modifications may be expressed. But these subsidiary aids to
expression do not form a notion which can either have something
asserted of it or be asserted itself of something else.
§ 68. Hence words are divided into three classes--
(1) Categorematic;
(2) Syncategorematic;
(3) Acategorematic.
§ 69. A Categorematic word is one which can be used by itself as a
term.
§ 70. A Syncategorematic word is one which can help to form a term.

§ 71. An Acategorematic word is one which can neither form, nor help
to form, a term [Footnote: Comparatively few of the parts of speech are
categorematic. Nouns, whether