Darwiniana | Page 2

"Nature abhors
Close Fertilization. "--His Impression upon Natural History exceeded
only by Linnaeus.--His Service in restoring Teleology to Natural
History
ARTICLE X
INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS
Classification marks Distinctions where Nature exhibits Gradations.--
Recovery of Forgotten Knowledge and History of what was known of
Dionzea, Drosera, and Sarracenia.
ARTICLE XI
INSECTIVOROUS AND CLIMBING PLANTS
Review of Darwin's Two Works upon these Subjects--No Absolute
Marks for distinguishing between Vegetables and Animals.--New
observations upon the Sundews or Droseras.--Their Sensitiveness,
Movements, Discernment of the Presence and Appropriation of Animal
Matter.--Dionaea, and other Plants of the same Order.--Utricularia and
Pinguicula.--Sarracenia and Nepenthes.--Climbing Plants; the Climbing
effected through Sensitiveness or Response to External Impression and
Automatic Movement.--Capacities inherent in Plants generally, and
apparently of no Service to them, developed and utilized by those
which climb.--Natural Selection not a Complete Explanation
ARTICLE XII
DURATION AND ORIGINATION OF RACE AND SPECIES

PART I.--Do Varieties in Plants wear out, or
tend to wear out?--The Question
considered in the Light of Facts, and in that of the Darwinian

Theory.--Conclusion that Races sexually propagated need not die of
Old Age.--This Conclusion inferred from the Provisions and
Arrangements in Nature to secure Cross-Fertilization of Individuals.--
Reference to Mr. Darwin's Development of this View

PART II.--Do Species wear out, and, if not,
why not?--Implication of the
Darwinian Theory that Species are unlimited in
Existence.--Examination of an Opposite Doctrine maintained by
Naudin.--Evidence that Species may die out from Inherent Causes only
indirect and inferential from Arrangements to secure Wide
Breeding--Physiological Import of Sexes--Doubtful whether Sexual
Reproduction with Wide Breeding is a Preventive or only a Palliative
of Decrepitude in Species.-- Darwinian Hypothesis must suppose the
Former
ARTICLE XIII
EVOLUTIONARY TELEOLOGY
The Opposition between Morphology and Teleology reconciled by
Darwinism, and the Latter reinstated--Character of the New
Teleology.--Purpose and Design distinguished--Man has no Monopoly
of the Latter.--Inference of Design from Adaptation and Utility
legitimate; also in Hume's Opinion irresistible--The Principle of Design,
taken with Specific Creation, totally insufficient and largely
inapplicable; but, taken with the Doctrine of the Evolution of Species in
Nature, applicable, pertinent, and, moreover, necessary.--Illustrations
from Abortive Organs, supposed Waste of Being, etc.--All Nature
being of a Piece, Design must either pervade or be absent from the
Whole.--Its Absence not to be inferred because the Events take place in
Nature--Illustration of the Nature and Province of Natural Selection.--It
picks out, but does not originate Variations; these not a Product of, but
a Response to, the Environment; not physical, but
physiological--Adaptations in Nature not explained by Natural
Selection apart from Design or Final Cause--Absurdity of associating
Design only with Miracle--What is meant by Nature.--The Tradition of
the DIVINE in Nature, testified to by Aristotle, comes down to our Day

with Undiminished Value

PREFACE
These papers are now collected at the request of friends and
correspondents, who think that they may be useful; and two new essays
are added. Most of the articles were written as occasion called for them
within the past sixteen years, and contributed to various periodicals,
with little thought of their forming a series, and none of ever bringing
them together into a volume, although one of them (the third) was once
reprinted in a pamphlet form. It is, therefore, inevitable that there
should be considerable iteration in the argument, if not in the language.
This could not be eliminated except by recasting the whole, which was
neither practicable nor really desirable. It is better that they should
record, as they do, the writer's freely-expressed thoughts upon the
subject at the time; and to many readers there may be some advantage
in going more than once, in different directions, over the same ground.
If these essays were to be written now, some things might be
differently expressed or qualified, but probably not so as to affect
materially any important point. Accordingly, they are here reprinted
unchanged, except by a few merely verbal alterations made in
proof-reading, and the striking out of one or two superfluous or
immaterial passages. A very few additional notes or references are
appended.
To the last article but one a second part is now added, and the more
elaborate Article XIII is wholly new.
If it be objected that some of these pages are written in a lightness of
vein not quite congruous with the gravity of the subject and the
seriousness of its issues, the excuse must be that they were written with
perfect freedom, most of them as anonymous contributions to popular
journals, and that an argument may not be the less sound or an
exposition less effective for being playful. Some of the essays, however,
dealing with points of speculative scientific interest, may redress the
balance, and be thought sufficiently heavy if not solid.
To the objection likely to be made, that they cover only a part of the
ground, it can only