Darwiniana

Darwiniana

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Title: Darwiniana Essays and Reviews Pertaining to Darwinism
Author: Asa Gray
Release Date: March, 2004 [EBook #5273] [Yes, we are more than one
year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on June 23, 2002]
Edition: 10
Language: English

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DARWINIANA ***

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DARWINIANA
ESSAYS AND REVIEWS PERTAINING TO DARWINISM
BY ASA GRAY FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY
(BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK: 1876.

CONTENTS
DARWINIANA
PREFACE
ARTICLE I
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL
SELECTION
Views and Definitions of Species--How Darwin's differs from that of
Agassiz, and from the Common View--Variation, its Causes
unknown.--Darwin's Genealogical Tree--Darwin and Agassiz agree in
the Capital Facts--Embryology--Physical Connection of Species
compatible with Intellectual Connection--How to prove
Transmutation.--Known Extent of Variation--Cause of Likeness
unknown--Artificial Selection.--Reversion--Interbreeding--Natural
Selection.--Classification tentative.--What Darwin assumes.--Argument
stated.--How Natural Selection works.--Where the Argument is
weakest.--Objections--Morphology and Teleology
harmonized.--Theory not atheistical.--Conceivable Modes of Relation
of God to Nature
ARTICLE II
DESIGN VERSUS NECESSITY-- A DISCUSSION
How Design in Nature can be shown--Design not inconsistent with
Indirect Attainment
ARTICLE III

NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL
THEOLOGY

PART I.--Premonitions of Darwinism.--A
Proper Subject for
Speculation.--Summary of Facts and Ideas suggestive of Hypotheses of
Derivation

Part II--Limitations of Theory conceded by
Darwin.--What Darwinism
explains.--Geological Argument strong in the Tertiary Period.--
Correspondence between Rank and Geological Succession--Difficulties
in Classification.--Nature of Affinity.--No Absolute Distinction
between Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms.--Individuality.--Gradation

PART III.--Theories contrasted.--Early
Arguments against
Darwinism.--Philosophical and Theological Objections--Theory may
be theistic.--Final Cause not excluded.--Cause of Variation
unknown.--Three Views of Efficient Cause compatible with
Theism.--Agassiz's Objections of a Philosophical Nature.--Minor
Objections.--Conclusion
ARTICLE IV
SPECIES AS TO VARIATION, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION,
AND SUCCESSION
Alphonse De Candolle's Study of the Oak Genus.--Variability of the
Species.--Antiquity.--A Common Origin probable.--Dr. Falconer on the
Common Origin of Elephants--Variation and Natural Selection
distinguished.--Saporta on the Gradation between the Vegetable Forms
of the Cretaceous and the Tertiary.--Hypothesis of Derivation more
likely to be favored by Botanists than by Zoologists.--Views of Agassiz

respecting the Origin, Dispersion, Variation, Characteristics, and
Successive Creation of Species contrasted with those of De Candolle
and others--Definition of Species--Whether its Essence is in the
Likeness or in the Genealogical Connection of the Individuals
composing a Species
ARTICLE V
SEQUOIA AND ITS HISTORY: THE RELATIONS OF NORTH
AMERICAN TO NORTHEAST ASIAN AND TO TERTIARY
VEGETATION
Age and Size of Sequoia.--Isolation.--Decadence.--Related Genera.--
Former Distribution.--Similarity between the Flora of Japan and that of
the United States, especially on the Atlantic Side.--Former Glaciation
as explaining the Present Dispersion of Species.--This confirmed by the
Arctic Fossil Flora of the Tertiary Period.--Tertiary Flora derived from
the Preceding Cretaceous.--Order and Adaptation in Organic Nature
likened to a Flow.--Order implies an Ordainer
ARTICLE VI
THE ATTITUDE OF WORKING NATURALISTS TOWARD
DARWINISM
General Tendency to Acceptance of the Derivative Hypothesis
noted.--Lyell, Owen, Alphonse De Candolle, Bentham, Flower,
Ailman.-- Dr. Dawson's "Story of the Earth and Man"
examined.--Difference between Scientific Men and General
Speculators or Amateurs in the Use of Hypotheses
ARTICLE VII
EVOLUTION AND THEOLOGY
Writings of Henslow, Hodges, and Le Conte examined.--Evolution and
Design compatible.--The Admission of a System of Nature, with Fixed
Laws, concedes in Principle all that the Doctrine of Evolution
requires.--Hypotheses, Probabilities, and Surmises, not to be decried by
Theologians, who use them, perhaps, more freely and loosely than
Naturalists.--Theologians risk too much in the Defense of Untenable
Outposts
ARTICLE VIII
"WHAT IS DARWINISM?"
Dr. Hodges Book with this Title criticised.--He declares that
Darwinism is Atheism, yet its Founder a Theist.--Darwinism founded,

however, upon Orthodox Conceptions, and opposed, not to Theism, but
only to Intervention in Nature, while the Key-note of Dr. Hedge's
System is Interference.--Views and Writings of St. Clair, Winchell, and
Kingsley adverted to
ARTICLE IX
CHARLES DARWIN: SKETCH ACCOMPANYING A PORTRAIT
IN "NATURE"
Darwin's Characteristics and Work as a Naturalist compared with those
of Robert Brown.--His Illustration of the Principle that