Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection | Page 4

facts of Local Variation
Mimicry
Concluding Remarks on Variation in Lepidoptera
Arrangement and Geographical Distribution of the Malayan Papilionid?
Arrangement
Geographical Distribution
Range of the Groups of Malayan Papilionid?
Remarkable peculiarities of the island of Celebes
Concluding Remarks
V.--On Instinct in Man and Animals. Pp. 201-210
How Instinct may be best Studied
Definition of Instinct
Does Man possess Instincts?
How Indians travel through unknown and trackless Forests
VI.--The Philosophy of Birds' Nests. Pp. 211-230
Instinct or Reason in the Construction of Birds' Nests
Do Men build by Reason or by Imitation?
Why does each Bird build a peculiar kind of Nest?
How do young Birds learn to build their first Nest?
Do Birds sing by Instinct or by Imitation?
Man's Works mainly Imitative
How young Birds may learn to build Nests.
Birds do Alter and Improve their Nests when altered conditions require it
Conclusion
VII.--A Theory of Birds' Nests; showing the relation of certain differences of colour in female birds to their mode of nidification. Pp. 231-263
Changed Conditions and persistent Habits as influencing Nidification
Classification of Nests
Sexual differences of Colour in Birds
The Law which connects the Colours of Female Birds with the mode of Nidification
What the Facts Teach us Colour more variable than Structure or Habits, and therefore the Character which has generally been modified
Exceptional cases confirmatory of the above Explanation
Real or apparent exceptions to the Law stated at p. 240
Various modes of Protection of Animals
Females of some groups require and obtain more Protection than the Males
Conclusion
VIII.--Creation by Law. Pp. 264-301
Laws from which the Origin of Species may be deduced
Mr. Darwin's Metaphors liable to Misconception
A case of Orchis-structure explained by Natural Selection
Adaptation brought about by General Laws
Beauty in Nature
How new Forms are produced by Variation and Selection
The Objection that there are Limits to Variation
Objection to the argument from Classification
The Times on Natural Selection
Intermediate or generalized forms of Extinct Animals an indication of Transmutation or Development
Conclusion
A Demonstration of the Origin of Species
IX.--The Development of Human Races under the Law of Natural Selection. Pp. 302-331
Wide difference of Opinion as to Man's Origin
Outline of the Theory of Natural Selection
Different effects of Natural Selection on Animals and on Man
Influence of External Nature in the development of the Human Mind
Extinction of Lower Races
The Origin of the Races of Man
The Bearing of these views on the Antiquity of Man
Their Bearing on the Dignity and Supremacy of Man
Their Bearing on the future Development of Man
Summary
Conclusion
X.--The Limits of Natural Selection as applied to Man. Pp. 333--371
What Natural Selection can Not do
The Brain of the Savage shown to be Larger than he Needs it to be
Size of Brain an important Element of Mental Power
Comparison of the Brains of Man and of Anthropoid Apes
Range of intellectual power in Man
Intellect of Savages and of Animals compared
The use of the Hairy Covering of Mammalia
The Constant absence of Hair from certain parts of Man's body a remarkable Phenomenon
Savage Man feels the want of this Hairy Covering
Man's Naked Skin could not have been produced by Natural Selection
Feet and Hands of Man considered as Difficulties on the Theory of Natural Selection
The Origin of Some of Man's Mental Faculties, by the preservation of Useful Variations, not possible
Difficulty as to the Origin of the Moral Sense
Summary of the Argument as to the Insufficiency of Natural Selection to account for the Development of Man
The Origin of Consciousness
The Nature of Matter
Matter is Force
All Force is probably Will-force
Conclusion

I.
ON THE LAW WHICH HAS REGULATED THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES.[A]
+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | [A] Written at Sarawak in February, 1855, and published in | | the "Annals and Magazine of Natural History," September, | | 1855. | +--------------------------------------------------------------+
Geographical Distribution dependent on Geologic Changes.
Every naturalist who has directed his attention to the subject of the geographical distribution of animals and plants, must have been interested in the singular facts which it presents. Many of these facts are quite different from what would have been anticipated, and have hitherto been considered as highly curious, but quite inexplicable. None of the explanations attempted from the time of Linn?us are now considered at all satisfactory; none of them have given a cause sufficient to account for the facts known at the time, or comprehensive enough to include all the new facts which have since been, and are daily being added. Of late years, however, a great light has been thrown upon the subject by geological investigations, which have shown that the present state of the earth and of the organisms now inhabiting it, is but the last stage of a long and uninterrupted series of changes which it has undergone, and consequently, that to endeavour to explain and account for its present condition without any reference to those changes (as has frequently been done) must lead to very imperfect and erroneous conclusions.
The facts proved by geology are briefly these:--That during an immense, but unknown period, the surface of the earth has undergone successive changes; land has sunk beneath the ocean, while fresh land has risen up from it; mountain chains have been elevated;