Christianity and Islam in Spain | Page 2

Christianity--Alvar--Unfair to Mohammed--His ignorance of the Koran--Prophecy of Daniel.--Moslem knowledge of Christianity--Mistaken idea of the Trinity--Ibn Hazm--St James of Compostella 98-114

CHAPTER IX.
Traces of amalgamation of religions--Instances elsewhere--Essential differences of Islam and Christianity--Compromise attempted--Influence of Islam, over Christianity--Innovating spirit in Spain--Heresy in Septimania--Its possible connection with Mohammedanism--Migetian heresy as to the Trinity--Its approach to the Mohammedan doctrine--Other similar heresies--Adoptionism--Our knowledge of it--Whence derived--Connection with Islam--Its author or authors--Probably Elipandus--His opponents--His character--Independence--Jealousy of the Free Church in the North--Nature of Adoptionism--Not a revival of Nestorianism---Origin of the name--Arose from inadvertence--Felix--His arguments--Alcuin's answers--Christ, the Son of God by adoption--Unity of Persons acknowledged--First mention of theory--Adrian---Extension of heresy--Its opponents--Felix amenable to Church discipline--Elipandus under Arab rule--Councils--Of Narbonne--Friuli--Ratisbon--Felix abjures his heresy--Alcuin--Council of Frankfort--Heresy anathematized--Councils of Rome and Aix--Felix again recants--Alcuin's book--Elipandus and Felix die in their error--Summary of evidence connecting adoptionism with Mohammedanism--Heresy of Claudius---Iconoclasm Libri Carolini--Claudius, bishop of Turin--Crusade against image-worship--His opponents--Arguments--Independence--Summoned before a Council--Refuses to attend--Albigensian heresy 114-136

CHAPTER X.
Mutual influences of the two creeds--Socially and intellectually--"No monks in Islam"--Faquirs--The conventual system adopted by the Arabs--Arab account of a convent--Moslem nuns--Islam Christianised---Christian spirit in Mohammedanism--Arab magnanimity--Moslem miracles---like Christian ones--Enlightened Moslems--Philosophy--Freethinkers--Theologians--Almanzor--Moslem sceptics--Averroes--The faquis or theologians--Sect of Malik ibn Ans--Power of theologians---Decay of Moslem customs--Wine drunk--Music cultivated--Silk worn--Statues set up--Turning towards Mecca--Eating of sow's flesh--Enfranchisement of Moslem women--Love--Distinguished women---Women in mosques--At tournaments--Arab love-poem--Treatise on love 136-149

CHAPTER XI.
Influence of Mohammedanism--Circumcision of Christians--Even of a bishop--Customs retained for contrast--Cleanliness rejected as peculiar to Moslems--Celibacy of clergy--Chivalry--Origin--Derived from Arabs--Favoured by state of Spain--Spain the cradle of chivalry--Arab chivalry--Qualifications for a knight--Rules of knighthood--The Cid--Almanzor--His generosity--Justice--Moslem military orders--Holy wars--Christianity Mohammedanized--The "Apotheosis of chivalry"--Chivalry a sort of religion--Social compromise--Culminates in the Crusades 149-156

APPENDICES.
APPENDIX A.
Jews persecuted by Goths--Help the Saracens--Numbers--Jews in France--Illtreated--Accusations against--Eleazar, an apostate--Incites the Spanish Moslems against the Christians--Intellectual development of Jews in Spain--Come to be disliked by Arabs--Jews and the Messiah--Judaism deteriorated--Contact with Islam--Civil position--Jews at Toledo--Christian persecution of Jews--Massacre--Expulsion--Conversion--The "Mala Sangre"--The Inquisition 156-161
APPENDIX B.
Spain and the papal power--Early independence--Early importance of Spanish Church--Arian Spain--Orthodox Spain--Increase of papal influence--Independent spirit of king and clergy--Quarrel with the pope--Arab invasion--Papal authority in the North--Crusade preached--Intervention of the pope--St James' relics--Claudius of Turin--Rejection of pope's claims--Increase of pope's power in Spain--Appealed to against Muzarabes--Errors of Migetius--Keeping of Easter--Eating of pork--Intermarriage with Jews and Moslems--Fasting on Sundays--Elipandus withstands the papal claims--Upholds intercourse with Arabs--Rejects papal supremacy--Advance of Christians in the North--Extension of power of the pope--Gothic liturgy suspected--Suppressed--Authority of pope over king--Appeals from the king to the pope--Rupture with the Roman See--Resistance of sovereign and barons to the pope--Inquisition established--Victims--Moriscoes persecuted--Reformation stamped out--Subjection of Spanish Church 161-173
LIST OF AUTHORITIES 175-182

CHAPTER I.
THE GOTHS IN SPAIN.
Just about the time when the Romans withdrew from Britain, leaving so many of their possessions behind them, the Suevi, Alani, and Vandals, at the invitation of Gerontius, the Roman governor of Spain, burst into that province over the unguarded passes of the Pyrenees.[1] Close on their steps followed the Visigoths; whose king, taking in marriage Placidia, the sister of Honorius, was acknowledged by the helpless emperor independent ruler of such parts of Southern Gaul and Spain as he could conquer and keep for himself. The effeminate and luxurious provincials offered practically no resistance to the fierce Teutons. No Arthur arose among them, as among the warlike Britons of our own island; no Viriathus even, as in the struggle for independence against the Roman Commonwealth. Mariana, the Spanish historian, asserts that they preferred the rule of the barbarians. However this may be, the various tribes that invaded the country found no serious opposition among the Spaniards: the only fighting was between themselves--for the spoil. Many years of warfare were necessary to decide this important question of supremacy. Fortunately for Spain, the Vandals, who seem to have been the fiercest horde and under the ablest leader, rapidly forced their way southward, and, passing on to fresh conquests, crossed the Straits of Gibraltar in 429: not, however, before they had utterly overthrown their rivals, the Suevi, on the river Baetis, and had left an abiding record of their brief stay in the name Andalusia.
[1] "Inter barbaros pauperem libertatem quam inter Romanos tributariam sollicitudinem sustinere."--Mariana, apud Dunham, vol i.
For a time it seemed likely that the Suevi, in spite of their late crushing defeat, would subject to themselves the whole of Spain, but under Theodoric II. and Euric, the Visigoths definitely asserted their superiority. Under the latter king the Gothic domination in Spain may be said to have begun about ten years before the fall of the Western Empire. But the Goths were as yet by no means in possession of the whole of Spain. A large part of the south was held by imperialist troops; for, though the Western Empire had been extinguished in 476, the Eastern emperor had succeeded by inheritance to all the outlying provinces, which had even nominally belonged