Christianity and Islam in Spain

Christianity and Islam in Spain

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Christianity and Islam in Spain (756-1031)
by Charles Reginald Haines This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
Title: Christianity and Islam in Spain (756-1031)
Author: Charles Reginald Haines
Release Date: March 5, 2005 [EBook #15262]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM IN SPAIN
A.D. 756-1031
C.R. HAINES, M.A.
AUTHOR OF "ENGLAND AND THE OPIUM TRADE"; "EDUCATION AND MISSIONS"; "VERSIONS IN VERSE."
LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH &CO., PATERNOSTER SQUARE
1889
[Note: While there is only one Chapter IX in the Table of Contents, there are two in text. I believe the first was meant to be part of

Chapter VIII.
]
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
Invasion of Spain by the barbarians--Its easy conquest--Quarrels among the conquerors--Departure of the Vandals--Visigoths gain the supremacy--Conflict with Eastern Empire--Reduction of the Suevi--All Spain becomes Gothic--Approach of Saracens--Planting of Christianity in Spain--St James--Gospel first preached at Elvira--Irenaeus--Persecutions--Martyrs--Council of Elvira--Council of Nice--Number of Christians--Paganism proscribed--Julian--Arianism--Ulphilas--Conversion of barbarians--Degeneracy of religion--Priscillian--His heresy condemned--Priscillian burnt--Paganism, in Spain--The Gothic Government--Church and State--Power of king--Election of bishops--Arianism of Goths--Ermenegild--Bigotry in Spain--Jews--Influence of clergy--Of the pope 1-11

CHAPTER II.
Period of Gothic rule--Degeneracy of Goths--Causes of their fall--Battle of Guadalete--Resistance of towns--Theodomir--Remnant in the North--Mohammedanism--Its rise and progress--Reduction of Africa--Siege of Constantinople--Attacks on Spain--Tarif--Arabs in Gaul--Anarchy in Spain--Christians in the North--Clemency of the Arabs--Treaties--Conquest easy--Rhapsodies of Isidore--Slaves--Jews--Impartiality of Arab governors--Khalifate established--Feuds of Arabs and Berbers--Revolt of Berbers--Syrian Arabs--Settlement of Arabs--Effect of Berber wars 11-25

CHAPTER III.
Landing of Abdurrahman--Khalifate of Cordova--Condition of Christians--Proselytism--Apostates--Arabs and Spaniards--Evidence of Christian writers--Condition of the people--Serfs--No revolts--No solidarity with the Christians in the North--Relations with Arabs at first friendly--The jehad in Spain--Martyrs in battle--Fabulous martyr--Anambad, first martyr--Peter of Najuma--No other till 824--John and Adulphus--Causes of Martyrdoms--Amalgamation of the two peoples--Intermarriage--Children of mixed parents--Nunilo and Alodia--Mania for martyrdom--Voluntary martyrdoms--The Spanish confessors--Threatened deterioration in the Church--Christianity infected with Moslem customs--Religious fervour in convents--Fanaticism, of monks--Fresh martyrs--Perfectus, John, Isaac--Arab inability to understand the motives of these martyrs--Causes of fanaticism--Sanctus--Peter--Walabonsus, etc 25-40

CHAPTER IV.
Flora and Maria--Their adventures--Trial--Meet Eulogius in prison--Their execution--Other martyrs--Hidden Christians--Aurelius, Sabigotha, etc--Plan for procuring martyrdom--Miracle in prison--Execution--Other martyrs--Death of Abdurrahman II.--Mohammed I.--Martyrs--Prodigy upon their execution--Outrage in a mosque--Punishment of offenders--Apprehension of king--Meditates a persecution--Even a massacre--Series of martyrdoms--Cloister of Tabanos suppressed--Columba, Pomposa--Abundius a true martyr--Others martyred--Censor of Cordova--Persecution and death of Ruderic--Eulogius--Parentage and antecedents--Opposes amalgamation of Arabs and Christians--Encourages learning of Latin--Imprisonment--Elected Bishop of Toledo--Again imprisoned--Trial--Execution--His relics 40-54

CHAPTER V.
Doubtful martyrs--No persecution raging--The Muzarabes--Churches in Cordova--Arab description of a church--Monasteries outside the city--Voluntary martyrs, chiefly from Cordova--No ferment at Elvira--Enthusiasts not a large body--Their leaders--The moderate party--Objections against the martyrs--Voluntary martyrdoms forbidden by the Church--Answer of apologists--Evidence as to persecution--Apologists inconsistent--Eulogius and Alvar--Reviling of Mohammed--Martyrs worked no miracles--Defence of apologists illogical--Martyrs put to death not by idolaters--Death without torture--Their bodies corrupted--Moslem taunts--Effect of martyrdoms on the Moslems--Prohibition of relics--Traffic in relics--They work miracles--Relics taken from Spain to France--Expedition of monks for that purpose--St Vincent's body--Relics of George, Aurelius, etc., carried off--Return to France--Measures of the moderate party--Of the Moslems--Reccafredus--supported by the majority of Christians--Fanatics coerced--Anathematized--Action of king--Suspects political movement--Revolt at Toledo--Grand Council--Measures against zealots--Meditated persecution--The extreme party broken up--Apostasies--Reason of these--The exceptor Gomez--The decision of the Council--Cessation of martyrdoms 54-73

CHAPTER VI.
National party--Revolt of Spaniards against Arabs--Martyrs in battle--Martyrdoms under Abdurrahman III.--Pelagius--Argentea--The monks of Cardena--Eugenia--No real persecution under the Great Khalif--General view of Christian Church in Spain under Abdurrahman II.--Civil position of Christians--Councils--Neglect of Latin--Arabic compulsory--Protests of Alvar, etc.--Latin forgotten--Cultivation of Moslem learning--Moslem theology--Church abuses--Simony--Breach of canons--Unworthy priests--Rival pastors--Heresy in the Church--Depravity of clergy--Their apostasy--Their deposition--Muzarabes--Free Christians in the North--The Church in the North--Its dangerous position--Cut short by Almanzor--Clergy oppress Christians--Count of Cordova--Ill-treats the Christians--Councils--Held by Elipandus--By Reccafredus--By Hostegesis--Jews and Moslems summoned--Council held by Basilius 73-86

CHAPTER VII.
Khalifate saved by Abdurrahman III.--Commander of the Faithful--His character--Embassy to the Emperor of the West--Return embassy--John of Gorz--Detained in Cordova--Messengers from the king--Cause of detention--John of Gorz and John of Cordova--The king's threats--Dead-lock--Fresh embassy to Otho--A second embassy from Otho--First embassy received--Condescension of Sultan--Tolerance of Moslems--Mohammed's injunctions--Tolerant Mohammedan rulers elsewhere--Alcuin--Arnold of Citeaux--Bernard, Archbishop of Toledo--Christians tolerated, even encouraged--"Officer of protection"--Christian courts--Censors--Sclavonian bodyguard--Arab pride of race--Partial Amalgamation of races--Alliances between Arabs and Christians--Intermarriages--Offspring of these--The maiden tribute--Evidence in its favour--No myth--Conversions--Mohammedan view of apostasy 86-98

CHAPTER VIII.
Arab factions--Berbers--Spaniards--Muwallads--Despised by Arabs--Revolts at Cordova, &c.--Intrigues with the Franks--Letter of Louis--Revolt of Toledo--Christians and Muwallads make common cause--Omar--Begins life as a bandit--Captured--Escapes--Heads the national party--Becomes a Christian--Utterly defeated--Muwallads desert him--Death of Omar--Stronghold of Bobastro captured--End of rebellion--Christians under Abdurrahman III.--Almanzor--Anarchy--End of Khalifate--Knowledge of Christianity and Mohammedanism slight among those of the opposite creed--Christian writers on Islam--Eulogius--Mohammed's relation to