Capitals | Page 8

proportion is increased by the custom of casting Arabic numerals on an
en body for table work, making them only half as thick as the type. Full
capitals may be used with full figures the width of an ordinary letter.
Condensed capitals may be used with en body numerals.
If old-style capitals and figures are required in the same line use figures
about one-half larger in body than the capitals and justify them to the
line.
It is this difficulty in combining capitals and Arabic numerals in the
same line that causes the extensive use of Roman numerals in chapter
numbers, numbers of other headings, dates on title pages, and the like.
When a large initial three or four lines high is used for the first letter of
a new chapter, large capitals are sometimes used, although such usage
is not free from the reproach of looking too much like newspaper
advertising. When this initial is a two line letter it should be in
alignment with the small capitals of the upper line and the base line of
the text letter of the lower line.
[Illustration: AMONG the earliest methods of communicating ideas to
the absent pictures hold the largest place.]
[Illustration: THERE comes a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at
the flood, leads on to fortune.]
Care should be taken not to compact capitals. Use wider leading and

broader spacing than for lower-case; for example, where you would use
one lead between lower-case lines you should use two or three between
lines of capitals.
Capitals occupy more of the type-body than lower-case letters and
consequently words or lines set entirely with capitals need wider
spacing and leading than the lower-case to make composition readable.
When lines of roman capitals are set solid or single-leaded the en-quad
will usually be enough space between words especially if the words are
short; but for wide-leaded lines and head-lines double spaces (two
three-to-em) will be needed. A head-line of round, open capitals may
even need em-quad spaces. Wide letter words require wide spaces and
words of thin or condensed letters require thin spaces.
[Illustration: UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA]
Words which begin or end with A Y L V W T may need spaces a little
less than those with H I M, etc. In small types the inequalities in white
space beside or between combinations like L Y A T W and letters with
regular shape like H I M N, may not be readily noticed, but in large
sizes of capitals these differences are greatly increased and will often
make unequal white spaces in a line with uniform metal spaces. In
some styles of types a line may need unequal metal spaces in order to
space the words evenly.
(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)
[Illustration: TEN MAIL TRAINS]
This line has en-quads between the words, but the forms of L and T
make the white space greater than between the first and second words.
[Illustration: TEN MAI'L TRAI'N'S]
This line has an en-quad in first space and three-to-em in the second,
with hair-spaces between some letters of the words.

So, also, it will often be necessary to insert pieces of paper, card, or
thin leads between the letters of a word in large display, in order to
make them evenly spaced, as shown in these examples:
(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)
[Illustration: PLAINLY PLAI'N'LY UNEVENLY SPACED EVE'N'LY
S'PA'C'E'D]
This differential spacing in a line of capitals will also be required in a
line having abbreviations or initials. The following line, spaced with
en-quads throughout, has unnecessarily wide spaces between the
initials:
[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A. O. U. W.]
Spaced with four-to-em in the last three places, it is improved:
[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A. O. U. W.]
Capitals used as initials of titles and for other abbreviations, with the
accompanying periods, should be thin-spaced or set close together, as
shown in the second of these examples:
[Illustration: GEORGE MARKHAM, D. D., PH. D. GEORGE
MARKHAM, D.D., PH.D. JOHN FLINT, M. D. V., BOSTON, U. S. A.
JOHN FLINT, M.D.V., BOSTON, U.S.A.]
Two or more lines of capitals of the same size should be spaced as
nearly alike as possible. These three lines are so disproportionately
spaced that they are not pleasing:
[Illustration: NORTH END UNION B O S T O N
MASSACHUSETTS]
The squaring up is arbitrary and strained. The lines are better like this:
[Illustration: NORTH END UNION BOSTON MASSACHUSETTS]

But if it is necessary to square up lines and no additional words or
letters can be inserted the short line may be filled with florets or other
characters which should not be bolder than the type itself and should be
of a style to harmonize with it as nearly as possible.
[Illustration: NORTH END UNION