An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England | Page 2

Encouragement of Commerce................... 167
45. The Currency........................................... 169
46. Interest............................................... 171
47. Paternal Government.................................... 173
48. Bibliography........................................... 176
CHAPTER VII
The Expansion Of England
Economic Changes of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries
49. National Affairs from 1603 to 1760..................... 177
50. The Extension of Agriculture........................... 183
51. The Domestic System of Manufactures.................... 185
52. Commerce under the Navigation Acts..................... 189
53. Finance................................................ 193
54. Bibliography........................................... 198
CHAPTER VIII
The Period Of The Industrial Revolution
Economic Changes of the Later Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
55. National Affairs from 1760 to 1830..................... 199
56. The Great Mechanical Inventions........................ 203
57. The Factory System..................................... 212
58. Iron, Coal, and Transportation......................... 214
59. The Revival of Enclosures.............................. 216
60. Decay of Domestic Manufacture.......................... 220
61. The Laissez-faire Theory............................. 224
62. Cessation of Government Regulation..................... 228
63. Individualism.......................................... 232
64. Social Conditions at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century................................................ 235
65. Bibliography........................................... 239
CHAPTER IX
The Extension Of Government Control
Factory Laws, the Modification of Land Ownership, Sanitary Regulations, and New Public Services
66. National Affairs from 1830 to 1900..................... 240
67. The Beginning of Factory Legislation................... 244
68. Arguments for and against Factory Legislation.......... 249
69. Factory Legislation to 1847............................ 254
70. The Extension of Factory Legislation................... 256
71. Employers' Liability Acts.............................. 260
72. Preservation of Remaining Open Lands................... 262
73. Allotments............................................. 267
74. Small Holdings......................................... 269
75. Government Sanitary Control............................ 271
76. Industries Carried on by Government.................... 273
77. Bibliography........................................... 276
CHAPTER X
The Extension Of Voluntary Association
Trade Unions, Trusts, and Co?peration
78. The Rise of Trade Unions............................... 277
79. Opposition of the Law and of Public Opinion. The Combination Acts....................................... 279
80. Legalization and Popular Acceptance of Trade Unions.... 281
81. The Growth of Trade Unions............................. 288
82. Federation of Trade Unions............................. 289
83. Employers' Organizations............................... 293
84. Trusts and Trade Combinations.......................... 294
85. Co?peration in Distribution............................ 295
86. Co?peration in Production.............................. 300
87. Co?peration in Farming................................. 302
88. Co?peration in Credit.................................. 306
89. Profit Sharing......................................... 307
90. Socialism.............................................. 310
91. Bibliography........................................... 311

An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England

INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND
CHAPTER I
GROWTH OF THE NATION
To The Middle Of The Fourteenth Century
*1. The Geography of England.*--The British Isles lie northwest of the Continent of Europe. They are separated from it by the Channel and the North Sea, at the narrowest only twenty miles wide, and at the broadest not more than three hundred.
The greatest length of England from north to south is three hundred and sixty-five miles, and its greatest breadth some two hundred and eighty miles. Its area, with Wales, is 58,320 square miles, being somewhat more than one-quarter the size of France or of Germany, just one-half the size of Italy, and somewhat larger than either Pennsylvania or New York.
The backbone of the island is near the western coast, and consists of a body of hard granitic and volcanic rock rising into mountains of two or three thousand feet in height. These do not form one continuous chain but are in several detached groups. On the eastern flank of these mountains and underlying all the rest of the island is a series of stratified rocks. The harder portions of these strata still stand up as long ridges,--the "wolds," "wealds," "moors," and "downs" of the more eastern and south-eastern parts of England. The softer strata have been worn away into great broad valleys, furnishing the central and eastern plains or lowlands of the country.
The rivers of the south and of the far north run for the most part by short and direct courses to the sea. The rivers of the midlands are much longer and larger. As a result of the gradual sinking of the island, in recent geological periods the sea has extended some distance up the course of these rivers, making an almost unbroken series of estuaries along the whole coast.
The climate of England is milder and more equable than is indicated by the latitude, which is that of Labrador in the western hemisphere and of Prussia and central Russia on the Continent of Europe. This is due to the fact that the Gulf Stream flows around its southern and western shores, bringing warmth and a superabundance of moisture from the southern Atlantic.
These physical characteristics have been of immense influence on the destinies of England. Her position was far on the outskirts of the world as it was known to ancient and medi?val times, and England played a correspondingly inconspicuous part during those periods. In the habitable world as it has been known since the fifteenth century, on the other hand, that position is a distinctly central one, open alike to the eastern and the western hemisphere, to northern and southern lands.
[Illustration: Physiographic Map of *England And Wales*. Engraved by Bormay & Co., N.Y.]
Her situation of insularity and at the same time of proximity to the Continent laid her open to frequent invasion in early times, but after she secured a navy made her singularly safe from subjugation. It made the development of many of her institutions tardy, yet at the same time gave her the opportunity to borrow and assimilate what she would from the customs of foreign nations.