Aeroplanes and Dirigibles of War | Page 4

Side of a Plane.
Rarefied Area. Rarefaction Produced by Motion. The Concaved Plane.
The Center of Pressure. Utilizing the Rarefied Area. Changing Center
of Pressure. Plane Monstrosities. The Bird Wing Structure. Torsion.
The Bat's Wing. An Abnormal Shape. The Tail as a Monitor.
CHAPTER VII.
ABNORMAL FLYING STUNTS AND SPEEDS Lack of
Improvements in Machines. Men Exploited and not Machines.
Abnormal Flying of no Value. The Art of Juggling. Practical Uses the
Best Test. Concaved and Convex Planes. How Momentum is a Factor
in Inverted Flying. The Turning Movement. When Concaved Planes
are Desirable. The Speed Mania. Uses of Flying Machines. Perfection
in Machines Must Come Before Speed. The Range of its Uses.
Commercial Utility.
CHAPTER VIII.
KITES AND GLIDERS The Dragon Kite. Its Construction. The Malay
Kite. Dihedral Angle. The Common Kite. The Bow Kite. The Box Kite.
The Voison Bi-plane. Lateral Stability in Kites, not Conclusive as to
Planes. The Spear Kite. The Cellular Kite. Tetrahedral Kite. The
Deltoid. The Dunne Flying Machine. Rotating Kite. Kite Principles.
Lateral Stability in Kites. Similarity of Fore and Aft Control. Gliding
Flight One of the Uses of Glider Experiments. Hints in Gliding.

CHAPTER IX.
AEROPLANE CONSTRUCTION Lateral and Fore and Aft.
Transverse. Stability and Stabilization. The Wright System. Controlling
the Warping Ends. The Curtiss Wings. The Farman Ailerons. Features
Well Developed. Depressing the Rear End. Determining the Size. Rule
for Placing the Planes. Elevating Plane. Action in Alighting. The
Monoplane. The Common Fly. Stream Lines. The Monoplane Form.
CHAPTER X.
POWER AND ITS APPLICATION Features in Power Application.
Amount of Power Necessary. The Pull of the Propeller. Foot Pounds
Small Amount of Power Available. High Propeller Speed Important.
Width and Pitch of Blades. Effect of Increasing Propeller Pull.
Disposition of the Planes. Different Speeds with Same Power. Increase
of Speed Adds to Resistance. How Power Decreases with Speed. How
to Calculate the Power Applied. Pulling Against an Angle. The
Horizontal and the Vertical Pull. The Power Mounting. Securing the
Propeller to the Shaft. Vibrations. Weaknesses in Mounting. The
Gasoline Tank. Where to Locate the Tank. The Danger to the Pilot. The
Closed-in Body. Starting the Machine. Propellers with Varying Pitch.
CHAPTER XI.
FLYING MACHINE ACCESSORIES The Anemometer. The
Anemograph. The Anemometrograph. The Speed Indicator. Air
Pressure Indicator. Determining the Pressure From the Speed.
Calculating Pressure From Speed. How the Figures are Determined.
Converting Hours Into Minutes. Changing Speed Hours to Seconds.
Pressure as the Square of the Speed. Gyroscopic:Balance. The
Principles Involved. The Application of the Gyroscope. Fore and Aft
Gyroscopic Control. Angle Indicator. Pendulum Stabilizer. Steering
and Controlling Wheel. Automatic Stabilizing Wings. Barometers.
Aneroid Barometer. Hydroplanes. Sustaining Weight of Pontoons.
Shape of the Pontoon.

CHAPTER XII.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK IN FLYING Certain Conditions in Flying.
Heat in Air. Motion When in Flight. Changing Atmosphere.
"Ascending Currents." "Aspirate Currents." Outstretched Wings. The
Starting Point. The Vital Part of the Machine. Studying the Action of
the Machine. Elevating the Machine. How to Practice. The First Stage.
Patience the Most Difficult Thing. The Second Stage. The Third Stage.
Observations While in Flight. Flying in a Wind. First Trials in a Quiet
Atmosphere. Making Turns. The Fourth Stage. The Figure 8. The Vol
Plane. The Landing. Flying Altitudes.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE PROPELLER Propeller Changes. Propeller Shape. The Diameter.
Pitch. Laying Out the Pitch. Pitch Rule. Laminated Construction.
Laying up a Propeller Form. Making Wide Blades. Propeller Outline.
For High Speeds. Increasing Propeller Efficiency.
CHAPTER XIV.
EXPERIMENTAL GLIDERS AND MODEL AEROPLANES The
Relation of Models to Flying Machines. Lessons From Models. Flying
Model Aeroplanes. An Efficient Glider. The Deltoid Formation. Racing
Models. The Power for Model Aeroplanes. Making the Propeller.
Material for the Propeller. Rubber. Propeller Shape and Size.
Supporting Surfaces.
CHAPTER XV.
THE AEROPLANE IN THE GREAT WAR Balloon Observations.
Changed Conditions in Warfare. The Effort to Conceal Combatants.
Smokeless Powder. Inventions to Attack Aerial Craft. Functions of the
Aeroplane in War. Bomb-throwing Tests. Method for Determining the
Movement of a Bomb. The Great Extent of Modern Battle Lines. The
Aeroplane Detecting the Movements of Armies. The Effective Height
for Scouting. Sizes of Objects at Great Distances. Some Daring Feats in

War. The German Taube. How Aeroplanes Report Observations. Signal
Flags. How Used. Casualties Due to Bombs From Aeroplanes.
GLOSSARY

INTRODUCTORY
In preparing this volume on Flying Machines the aim has been to
present the subject in such a manner as will appeal to boys, or
beginners, in this field of human activity.
The art of aviation is in a most primitive state. So many curious
theories have been brought out that, while they furnish food for thought,
do not, in any way, advance or improve the structure of the machine
itself, nor are they of any service in teaching the novice how to fly.
The author considers it of far more importance to teach right principles,