Aeroplanes and Dirigibles of War | Page 3

in EBCDIC or other equivalent proprietary form).
[2] Honor the etext refund and replacement provisions of this "Small
Print!" statement.

[3] Pay a trademark license fee to the Project of 20% of the net profits
you derive calculated using the method you already use to calculate
your applicable taxes. If you don't derive profits, no royalty is due.
Royalties are payable to "Project Gutenberg
Association/Carnegie-Mellon University" within the 60 days following
each date you prepare (or were legally required to prepare) your annual
(or equivalent periodic) tax return.
WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU
DON'T HAVE TO?
The Project gratefully accepts contributions in money, time, scanning
machines, OCR software, public domain etexts, royalty free copyright
licenses, and every other sort of contribution you can think of. Money
should be paid to "Project Gutenberg Association / Carnegie-Mellon
University".
*END*THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN
ETEXTS*Ver.04.29.93*END*

Aeroplanes
by J. S. Zerbe

Scanned by Charles Keller with OmniPage Professional OCR software

AEROPLANES

This work is not intended to set forth the exploits of aviators nor to give
a history of the Art. It is a book of instructions intended to point out the
theories of flying, as given by the pioneers, the practical application of
power to the various flying structures; how they are built, the different
methods of controlling them; the advantages and disadvantages of the

types now in use; and suggestions as to the directions in which
improvements are required.
It distinctly points out wherein mechanical flight differs from bird
flight, and what are the relations of shape, form, size and weight. It
treats of kites, gliders and model aeroplanes, and has an Interesting
chapter on the aeroplane and its uses In the great war. All the
illustrations have been specially prepared for the work.
Every Boy's Mechanical Library
AEROPLANES
BY J. S. ZERBE, M. E. Author of Automobiles--Motors
COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY CUPPLES & LEON COMPANY NY
CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY
CHAPTER I.
THEORIES AND FACTS ABOUT FLYING
The "Science" of Aviation. Machine Types. Shape or Form not
Essential. A Stone as a Flying Machine. Power the Great Element.
Gravity as Power. Mass and Element in Flying. Momentum a Factor.
Resistance. How Resistance Affects Shape. Mass and Resistance. The
Early Tendency to Eliminate Momentum. Light Machines Unstable.
The Application of Power. The Supporting Surfaces. Area not the
Essential Thing. The Law of Gravity. Gravity. Indestructibility of
Gravitation. Distance Reduces Gravitational Pull. How Motion
Antagonizes Gravity. A Tangent. Tangential Motion Represents
Centrifugal Pull. Equalizing the Two Motions. Lift and Drift. Normal
Pressure. Head Resistance. Measuring Lift and Drift. Pressure at
Different Angles. Difference Between Lift and Drift in Motion. Tables
of Lift and Drift. Why Tables of Lift and Drift are Wrong. Langley's
Law. Moving Planes vs. Winds. Momentum not Considered. The Flight
of Birds. The Downward Beat. The Concaved Wing. Feather Structure

Considered. Webbed Wings. The Angle of Movement. An Initial
Movement or Impulse Necessary. A Wedging Motion. No Mystery in
the Wave Motion. How Birds Poise with Flapping Wings. Narrow-
winged Birds. Initial Movement of Soaring Birds. Soaring Birds Move
Swiftly. Muscular Energy Exerted by Soaring Birds. Wings not
Motionless.
CHAPTER II.
PRINCIPLES OF AEROPLANE FLIGHT Speed as one of the
Elements. Shape and Speed. What "Square of the Speed" Means.
Action of a "Skipper." Angle of Incidence. Speed and Surface. Control
of the Direction of Flight. Vertical Planes.
CHAPTER III.
THE FORM OR SHAPE OF FLYING MACHINES The Theory of
Copying Nature. Hulls of Vessels. Man Does not Copy Nature.
Principles Essential, not Forms. Nature not the Guide as to Forms. The
Propeller Type. Why Specially-designed Forms Improve Natural
Structures. Mechanism Devoid of Intelligence. A Machine Must Have a
Substitute for Intelligence. Study of Bird Flight Useless. Shape of
Supporting Surface. The Trouble Arising From Outstretched Wings.
Density of the Atmosphere. Elasticity of the Air. "Air Holes."
Responsibility for Accidents. The Turning Movement. Centrifugal
Action: The Warping Planes.
CHAPTER IV.
FORE AND AFT CONTROL The Bird Type of Fore and Aft Control.
Angle and Direction of Flight. Why Should the Angle of the Body
Change. Changing Angle of Body not Safe. A Non-changing Body.
Descending Positions by Power Control. Cutting off the Power. The
Starting Movement. The Suggested Type. The Low Center of Gravity.
Fore and Aft Oscillations. Application of the New Principle. Low
Weight not Necessary with Synchronously- moving wings.

CHAPTEB V. DIFFERENT MACHINE TYPES AND THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS The Helicopter. Aeroplanes. The Monoplane.
Its Advantages. Its Disadvantages. The Bi-plane. Stability in Bi-planes.
The Orthopter. Nature's Type not Uniform. Theories About Flight of
Birds. Instinct. The Mode of Motion. The Wing Structure. The Wing
Movement. The Helicopter Motion.
CHAPTER VI.
THE LIFTING SURFACES OF AEROPLANES Relative Speed and
Angle. Narrow Planes Most Effective. Stream Lines Along a Plane.
The Center of Pressure. Air Lines on the Upper