A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 1 | Page 4

impressed with its inevitable
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shortcomings and defects, I can only pray in the words of Hemacandra:
Pramâ@nasiddhântaviruddham atra Yatkiñciduktam
matimândyado@sât Mâtsaryyam utsâryya tadâryyacittâ@h Prasâdam
âdhâya vis'odhayantu. [Footnote ref 1]
S.D.
TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
February, 1922.

_________________________________________________________
____________
[Footnote 1: May the noble-minded scholars instead of cherishing ill
feeling kindly correct whatever errors have been here committed
through the dullness of my intellect in the way of wrong interpretations
and misstatements.]
CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY.....................................................1

CHAPTER II
THE VEDAS, BRÂHMA@NAS AND THEIR PHILOSOPHY
1 The Vedas and their antiquity.................................10 2 The place of
the Vedas in the Hindu mind......................10 3 Classification of the
Vedic literature........................11 4 The
Sa@mhitâs.................................................12 5 The
Brâ[email protected] 6 The
Â[email protected] 7 The @Rg-Veda, its
civilization................................14 8 The Vedic
gods................................................16 9 Polytheism, Henotheism, and
Monotheism........................17 10 Growth of a Monotheistic tendency;
Prajâpati, Vis'vakarma.....19 11
Brahma........................................................20 12 Sacrifice; the First
Rudiments of the Law of Karma............21 13
Cosmogony--Mythological and Philosophical.....................23 14
Eschatology; the Doctrine of Âtman............................25 15
Conclusion....................................................26

CHAPTER III
THE EARLIER UPANI@SADS (700 B.C.-600 B.C.)
1 The place of the Upani@sads in Vedic literature...............28 2 The
names of the Upani@sads; Non-Brahmanic influence..........30 3
Brâhma@nas and the Early [email protected] 4 The
meaning of the word [email protected] 5 The
composition and growth of diverse [email protected] 6 Revival
of Upani@sad studies in modern times..................39 7 The
Upani@sads and their interpretations......................41 8 The quest after
Brahman: the struggle and the failures........42 9 Unknowability of
Brahman and the Negative Method..............44 10 The Âtman
doctrine............................................45 11 Place of Brahman in the
[email protected] 12 The
World.....................................................51 13 The
World-Soul................................................52 14 The Theory of
Causation.......................................52 15 Doctrine of
Transmigration....................................53 16
Emancipation..................................................58

CHAPTER IV
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYSTEMS OF INDIAN
PHILOSOPHY
1 In what sense is a History of Indian Philosophy possible?......62 2
Growth of the Philosophic Literature...........................65 3 The Indian
systems of Philosophy...............................67 4 Some fundamental
points of agreement...........................71 1 The Karma
theory.........................................71 2 The Doctrine of
Mukti....................................74 3 The Doctrine of
Soul.....................................75 5 The Pessimistic Attitude towards the

World and the Optimistic Faith in the
end...............................................75 6 Unity in Indian Sâdhana
(philosophical, religious and ethical
endeavours)....................................................77
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CHAPTER V
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY
1 The State of Philosophy in India before Buddha.................78 2
Buddha: his Life...............................................81 3 Early Buddhist
Literature......................................82 4 The Doctrine of Causal
Connection of early Buddhism............84 5 The
Khandhas...................................................93 6 Avijjâ and
Âsava...............................................99 7 Sîla and
Samâdhi..............................................100 8
Kamma.........................................................106 9 Upani@sads and
Buddhism.......................................109 10 The Schools of Theravâda
Buddhism.............................112 11
Mahâyânism....................................................125 12 The Tathatâ
Philosophy of As'vagho@sa (80 A.D.)...............129 13 The
Mâdhyamika or the Sûnyavâda school--Nihilism..............138 14
Uncompromising Idealism or the School of Vijñânavâda Buddhism.145
15 Sautrântika theory of Perception..............................151 16
Sautrântika theory of Inference...............................155 17 The Doctrine
of Momentariness.................................158 18 The Doctrine of
Momentariness and the Doctrine of Causal Efficiency
(Arthakriyâkâritva)..................................163 19 Some Ontological
Problems on which the Different Indian Systems
diverged........................................................164 20 Brief Survey of the
Evolution of Buddhist Thought.............166

CHAPTER VI
THE JAINA PHILOSOPHY
1 The Origin of Jainism.........................................169 2 Two Sects of
Jainism..........................................170 3 The Canonical and other
Literature of the Jains...............171 4 Some General Characteristics of
the Jains.....................172 5 Life of
Mahâvîra..............................................173 6 The Fundamental Ideas of
Jaina Ontology.......................173 7 The Doctrine of Relative Pluralism
(Anekântavâda).............175 8 The Doctrine of
Nâyas.........................................176 9 The Doctrine of
Syâdvâda......................................179 10 Knowledge, its value for
us...................................181 11 Theory of
Perception..........................................183 12 Non-Perceptual
knowledge......................................185 13 Knowledge as
Revelation.......................................186 14 The
Jîvas.....................................................188 15 Karma
Theory..................................................190 16 Karma, Âsrava and
Nirjarâ.....................................192 17
Pudgala.......................................................195 18 Dharma, Adharma,
Âkâs'a.......................................197 19 Kâla and
Samaya...............................................198 20 Jaina
Cosmography.............................................199 21 Jaina
Yoga....................................................199 22 Jaina
Atheism.................................................203 23 Mok@sa
(emancipation).........................................207
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CHAPTER VII
THE KAPILA AND THE PÂTAÑJALA SÂ@MKHYA (YOGA)
1 A Review......................................................208 2 The Germs of

Sâ@mkhya in the [email protected] 3 Sâ@mkhya and
Yoga Literature..................................212 4 An Early School of
Sâ@mkhya...................................213 5 Sâ@mkhya kârikâ, Sâ@mkhya
sûtra, Vâcaspati Mis'ra and Vijñâna
Bhiksu..........................................................222 6 Yoga and
Patañjali............................................226 7 The Sâ@mkhya and the
Yoga doctrine of Soul or Purusa..........238 8 Thought and
Matter............................................241 9 Feelings, the Ultimate
Substances.............................242 10 The
Gunas.....................................................243 11 Prak@@rti and its
evolution...................................245 12 Pralaya and the disturbance of
the Prak@rti Equilibrium.......247 13 Mahat and
Ahamkâra............................................248 14 The Tanmâtras and the
Paramâñus...............................251 15 Principle of Causation and
Conservation of Energy.............254 16 Change as the formation of new
collocations...................255 17 Causation as Satkâryavâda (the theory
that the effect potentially exists before it is generated by the movement
of the cause)...................................................257 18 Sâ@mkhya
Atheism and Yoga Theism..............................258 19 Buddhi and
Purusa.............................................259 20 The Cognitive Process and
some characteristics of Citta.......261 21 Sorrow and its
Dissolution....................................264 22
Citta.........................................................268 23 Yoga Purificatory
Practices (Parikarma).......................270 24 The Yoga
Meditation...........................................271

CHAPTER VIII
THE NYÂYA-VAISESIKA PHILOSOPHY
1 Criticism of Buddhism and Sâ@mkhya from the Nyâya
standpoint...274 2 Nyâya and Vais'e@sika
sûtras...................................276 3 Does Vais'e@sika represent an old
school of Mîmâ@msâ?..........280 4 Philosophy in the Vais'e@sika
sûtras...........................285 5 Philosophy in the Nyâya

sûtras.................................294 6 Philosophy of Nyâya sûtras and
Vais'e@sika sûtras..............301 7 The Vais'e@sika and Nyâya
Literature...........................305 8 The