A Complete Grammar of Esperanto | Page 8

Ivy Kellerman
= cherry. Mario = Mary. cxu = (30). nek = neither,
nor. dolcxa = sweet. persiko = peach. gusto = taste. jes = yes. gxi = it. preferi = to prefer.
Gertrude = Gertrude. sxati = to like. knabino = girl. voli = to wish.
READING LESSON.
1. Cxu persiko estas rugxa? 2. Jes, gxi estas kaj rugxa kaj dolcxa. 3. Cxu cxerizoj estas
brunaj? 4. Ne, ili estas nek brunaj nek nigraj, sed flavaj. 5. Cxu la pomo estas frukto? Jes,
gxi estas bona frukto. 6. Cxu la viro kaj la knabo havas pomojn? 7. Ne, ili havas nek
pomojn nek persikojn. 8. Cxu Mario havas la maturan frukton? 9. Mario kaj Gertrudo
havas la frukton. 10. Ili estas en la domo, kaj mangxas la maturan frukton. 11. La persikoj

havas dolcxan guston. 12. La knabinoj volas havi florojn, sed la knaboj preferas kolekti
diversajn fruktojn. 13. Ili volas trovi maturajn cxerizojn kaj flavajn persikojn. 14. La
cxerizoj havas belan rugxan koloron. 15. La persikoj sxajnas molaj kaj bonaj. 16. Mario
rompas brancxon, kaj vidas cxerizojn sur la brancxoj. 17. Gertrudo estas felicxa, kaj
volas havi la belan frukton. 18. Gertrudo estas alta, bela knabino. 19. Mario sxatas
cxerizojn. 20. La knaboj kaj knabinoj sidas sur la verda herbo, kaj mangxas la cxerizojn.
21. Ili ne volas mangxi pomojn, ili preferas la dolcxajn cxerizojn. 22. La folioj apud la
cxerizoj estas nek largxaj nek longaj.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. Have the girls beautiful flowers? 2. No, they have fresh fruit. 3. The boys do not wish
to gather flowers. 4. They prefer to break the branches, and find the sweet cherries. 5.
Gertrude wishes to eat apples, but Mary has neither apples nor peaches. 6. Do the girls
like to sit in the house and eat fruit? 7. Yes, they like to sit in the house, but they prefer to
walk in the field. 8. Are ripe peaches brown? 9. No, they are red and yellow. 10. Has the
peach a sweet taste? 11. Do the girls see the beautiful black horses in the fields? 12. Yes,
they see the horses, but the horses seem not to see the girls. 13. Mary sits on the soft
green grass, and eats ripe fruit.

LESSON VI.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
32. Words which stand in the place of nouns, as "you," "he," "who," "which," are called
"pronouns". Pronouns referring to the person speaking ("I", "we"), the person addressed
("you", "thou"), or the person or thing spoken of ("he", "she", "it", "they"), are called
"personal pronouns". They are considered singular or plural, according to whether they
refer to one or more persons. Since the meaning of such pronouns indicates the number,
no plural ending is ever attached to them. The personal pronouns are:
Singular. Plural.
First person: mi, I (me). ni, we (us).
Second person: vi, you. vi, you.
li, he (him). Third person: sxi, she (her). ili, they (them). gxi, it.
[Footnote: There is another pronoun "ci" (thou), for the second person singular, used in
solemn style, as in the Bible, in poetry, and also for intimate or familiar address when
desired, like German "du", French "tu", etc.]
AGREEMENT WITH PRONOUNS.
33. Nouns in predicate relation with pronouns, or adjectives modifying such pronouns,
are made to agree with them in number:
Ni estas bonaj kaj felicxaj, we are good and happy. Rozoj estas floroj, ill ne estas fruktoj,
roses are flowers, they are not fruits. Gertrudo, vi estas bona, Gertrude, you are good.
Knabinoj, cxu vi estas felicxaj? Girls, are you happy?
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB.
34. Any pronoun may serve as the subject of a verb. The combination of the verb with
each of the personal pronouns in succession for its subject, is called the "conjugation" of
the verb. Following is the conjugation of the present tense of "esti", and of "vidi":
mi estas = I am. mi vidas = I see. vi estas = you are. vi vidas = you see. li (sxi, gxi) estas
= li (sxi, gxi) vidas : he (she, it) is. he (she, it) sees. ni estas = we are. ni vidas = we see.
vi estas = you (plural) are. vi vidas = you (plural) see. ili estas = they are. ili vidas = they

see.
VOCABULARY
al = to, toward. hodiaux = today. Arturo = Arthur. kudri = to sew. aux = or (aux ... aux ...,
either ... or ...) Roberto = Robert. cxar = because. skui = to shake. doni = to give. stari =
to stand. fali = to fall. sub = under, beneath. fenestro = window. virino = woman.
READING LESSON.
1. Knaboj, cxu vi volas sidi en la domo, aux en la gxardeno? 2. Ni preferas sidi hodiaux
en la gxardeno, sub la granda arbo. 3. Cxu vi havas pomojn, aux
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