t �t c �, t r � n h �n g t � n h h u �n g c �c o a n n h �t , n � n v i �c t � m k i �m m �t l � t h u y �t t �i h �u v � v i t r � k h � c � t h � b i �n m i n h t r � n c � s � n h �n g �n g d �n g t h �c t i �n . ( T u y n h i � n , c �n p h �i t h �y r �n g c h � n h l � l � t ��n g t � � ��c �a r a � c h �n g l �i t h u y �t t ��n g �i v � c � h �c l ��n g t �, t h � m � c h � n h n h �n g l � t h u y �t n � y � m a n g l �i c h o c h � n g t a c � n n g l ��n g h �t n h � n l �n c u �c c � c h m �n g v i i �n t �! ) . D o � s � p h � t m i n h r a l � t h u y �t t h �n g n h �t h o � n c h �n h c � t h � k h � n g g i � p g � c h o s � s �n g s � t c �a c h � n g t a . N � t h �m c h � c in g k h � n g �n h h ��n g g � �n l �i s �n g c �a c h � n g t a . N h �n g n g a y t � b u �i b � n h m i n h c �a n �n v n m i n h , l o � i n g ��i � k h � n g b �n g l � n g n h � n n h �n g s � k i �n n h � n h �n g t h � r �i r �c v � k h � n g g i �i t h � c h ��c . H � � k h a o k h � t h i �u b i �t c � i t r �t t � n �m s � u k � n t r o n g t h � g i �i . N g � y h � m n a y c h � n g t a c in g v �n t r n t r � m u �n b i �t t �i s a o c h � n g t a l �i � � y v � c h � n g t a t � � u t �i . K h � t v �n g t r i t h �c , k h � t v �n g s � u x a n h �t c �a l o � i n g ��i , � � b i �n m i n h c h o s � t � m k i �m l i � n t �c c �a c h � n g t a . V � m �c � c h c �a c h � n g t a k h � n g g � k h � c h �n l � s � m � t � �y � v i t r �, n �i c h � n g t a a n g s �n g .
C h ��n g I I : K h � n g g i a n v � t h �i g i a n
N h �n g � n i �m c �a c h � n g t a h i �n n a y v � c h u y �n �n g c �a v �t t h � b �t n g u �n t � G a l i l e o v � N e w t o n . T r ��c h �, n g ��i t a t i n A r i s t o t l e , n g ��i � n � i r �n g t r �n g t h � i t � n h i � n c �a m �t v �t l � �n g y � n , v � n � c h � c h u y �n �n g d ��i t � c d �n g c �a m �t l �c h o �c m �t x u n g l �c . T � � s u y r a r �n g , v �t n �n g s � r �i n h a n h h �n v �t n h �, b �i v � n � c � m �t l �c k � o x u �n g �t l �n h �n .
T r u y �n t h �n g A r i s t o t l e c in g c h o r �n g n g ��i t a c � t h � r � t r a t �t c � c � c �n h l u �t i �u k h i �n v i t r � c h � b �n g t � d u y t h u �n t � y , n g h )a l � k h � n g c �n k i �m t r a b �n g q u a n s � t . N h � v �y , c h o t �i t �n G a l i l e o k h � n g c � a i b n k h o n t h � q u a n s � t x e m c � t h �c l � c � c v �t c � t r �n g l ��n g k h � c n h a u s � r �i v �i v �n t �c k h � c n h a u h a y k h � n g . N g ��i t a k � r �n g G a l i e o � c h �n g m i n h n i �m t i n c �a A r i s t o t l e l � s a i b �n g c � c h t h � n h �n g v �t c � t r �n g l ��n g k h � c n h a u t � t h � p n g h i � n g P i s a . C � u c h u y �n n � y c h �n h �n l � k h � n g c � t h �t , n h �n g G a l i l e o � l � m m �t v i �c t ��n g ��n g : � n g t h � n h �n g v i � n b i c � t r �n g l ��n g k h � c n h a u t r � n m �t m �t p h �n g n g h i � n g n h �n . T � n h h u �n g � � y c in g t ��n g t � n h � t � n h h u �n g c �a c � c v �t r �i t h e o p h ��n g t h �n g �n g , n h �n g c � i �u n � d � q u a n s � t h �n v � v �n t �c c �a c � c v �t n h � h �n . C � c p h � p o c �a G a l i l e o c h � r a r �n g c � c v �t t n g t �c v �i m �t n h �p � n h � n h a u b �t k � t r �n g l ��n g c �a n � b �n g b a o n h i � u . V � d �, n �u b �n t h � m �t v i � n b i t r � n m �t m �t p h �n g n g h i � n g c � � n g h i � n g s a o c h o c � 1 0 m d �c t h e o m �t p h �n g t h � � c a o l �i g i �m 1 m , t h � v i � n b i s � l n x u �n g v �i v �n t �c 1 m / s s a u 1 g i � y , 2 m / s s a u 2 g i � y . . . b �t k � v i � n b i n �n g b a o n h i � u . T �t n h i � n , v i � n b i b �n g c h � s � r �i n h a n h h �n m �t c h i �c l � n g c h i m , n h �n g c h i �c l � n g c h i m b � l � m c h �m l �i c h � v � s �c c �n c �a k h � n g k h � m � t h � i . N �u t h � h a i v �t k h � n g c h �u n h i �u s �c c �n k h � n g k h � , v � d � n h � h a i v i � n b i �u b �n g c h � , n h �n g c � t r �n g l ��n g k h � c n h a u , t h � c h � n g s � r �i n h a n h n h � n h a u .
N h �n g p h � p o c �a G a l i l e o � ��c N e w t o n s � d �n g l � m c � s � c h o n h �n g �n h l u �t v � c h u y �n �n g c �a � n g . T r o n g n h �n g t h �c n g h i �m c �a G a l i l e o , k h i m �t v �t l n t r � n m �t p h �n g n g h i � n g , n � l u � n l u � n c h �u t � c d �n g c �a c � n g m �t l �c ( l � t r �n g l �c c �a n � ) v � k �t q u � l � l � m c h o v �n t �c c �a n � t n g m �t c � c h �u �n . i �u � c h �n g t � r �n g , h �u q u � t h �c s � c �a m �t l �c l � l u � n l u � n l � m t h a y �i v �n t �c c �a m �t v �t , c h � k h � n g p h �i l � l � m c h o n � c h u y �n �n g n h � n g ��i t a n g h ) t r ��c � . i �u n � y c in g c � n g h )a l � , b �t c � k h i n � o v �t k h � n g c h �u t � c d �n g c �a m �t l �c , t h � n � v �n t i �p t �c c h u y �n �n g t h �n g v �i c � n g m �t v �n t �c . � t ��n g n � y � ��c p h � t b i �u m �t c � c h t ��n g m i n h l �n �u t i � n t r o n g c u �n P r i n c i p i a M a t h e m a t i c a ( C � c n g u y � n l � t o � n h �c ) , ��c c � n g b � n m 1 8 6 7 , c �a
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