� t ��n g c �a � n g c h o r �n g c � c h � n h t i n h q u a y q u a n h m �t t r �i l � d o c � c l �c t �. i �u n � y p h �i m � i t �i s a u n � y , v � o n m 1 8 6 7 , m �i g i �i t h � c h ��c , k h i I s a a c N e w t o n c � n g b � t � c p h �m P h i l o s o p h i a e N a t u r a l i s P r i n c i p i a M a t h e m a t i c a ( N h �n g n g u y � n l � t o � n h �c c �a t r i �t h �c t � n h i � n ) c �a � n g . C � l � � y l � c � n g t r � n h v �t l � h �c q u a n t r �n g b �c n h �t � ��c x u �t b �n t � t r ��c �n n a y . T r o n g c � n g t r � n h n � y , N e w t o n k h � n g c h � �a r a m �t l � t h u y �t m � t � s � c h u y �n �n g c �a c � c v �t t r o n g k h � n g g i a n v � t h �i g i a n , m � � n g c � n p h � t t r i �n m �t c � n g c � t o � n h �c p h �c t �p d � n g � p h � n t � c h c � c c h u y �n �n g � . H �n t h � n �a , N e w t o n c � n �a r a m �t �n h l u �t v � h �p d �n v i t r � m � t h e o � m �i m �t v �t t r o n g v i t r � �u ��c h � t b �i m �t v �t k h � c b �n g m �t l �c c � n g m �n h n �u h a i v �t c � n g n �n g v � c � n g � g �n n h a u . C h � n h l �c n � y � b u �c c � c v �t p h �i r �i x u �n g �t . ( C � u c h u y �n k � r �n g , d o c � q u � t � o r �i t r � n g �u m � N e w t o n � c �m h �n g p h � t m i n h r a �n h l u �t h �p d �n v i t r � c h �c c h �n c h � l � c h u y �n t h � u d �t . T �t c � n h �n g i �u m � N e w t o n n � i r a c h � l � : � t ��n g v � h �p d �n �n v �i � n g k h i a n g n g �i � t r �n g t h � i c h i � m n g h i �m v � ��c n �y s i n h b �i s � r �i c �a q u � t � o ) . N e w t o n � c h � r a r �n g t h e o �n h l u �t c �a � n g , l �c h �p d �n s � l � m c h o m �t t r n g c h u y �n �n g t h e o q u � �o e l i p x u n g q u a n h t r � i �t v � c � c h � n h t i n h c h u y �n �n g t h e o q u � �o e l i p x u n g q u a n h m �t t r �i .
M � h � n h C o p e r n i c u s � v �t b � n h �n g t h i � n c �u c �a P t o l e m y v � c � n g v �i c h � n g v �t b � l u � n � t ��n g c h o r �n g v i t r � c � m �t b i � n g i �i t � n h i � n . V � n h �n g n g � i s a o c � �n h d ��n g n h � k h � n g t h a y �i v � t r � c �a c h � n g t r � s � q u a y x u n g q u a n h b �u t r �i d o t r � i �t q u a y x u n g q u a n h t r �c c �a n � , n � n s � l � h o � n t o � n t � n h i � n n �u g i � t h i �t r �n g c � c n g � i s a o c � �n h l � n h �n g t h i � n t h � g i �n g n h � m �t t r �i c �a c h � n g t a , n h �n g � x a h �n r �t n h i �u . C n c � v � o l � t h u y �t h �p d �n c �a m � n h , N e w t o n t h �y r �n g d o c � c n g � i s a o h � t n h a u n � n v � c n b �n c h � n g k h � n g t h � l � �n g y � n ��c . V �y l i �u c h � n g c � c � n g r �i v � o m �t i �m n � o � k h � n g ? T r o n g b �c t h � v i �t n m 1 6 9 1 g �i R i c h a r d B e n t l e y , c in g l � m �t n h � t � t ��n g l �i l �c t h �i � , N e w t o n � c h �n g t � r �n g i �u � t h �c t � c � t h � x �y r a n �u c h � c � m �t s � h �u h �n c � c n g � i s a o ��c p h � n b � t r o n g m �t v � n g h �u h �n c �a k h � n g g i a n . N h �n g m �t k h � c , � n g c in g c h � r a r �n g n �u c � m �t s � v � h �n c � c n g � i s a o ��c p h � n b � t ��n g �i �n g �u t r o n g k h � n g g i a n v � t �n t h � i �u � k h � n g t h � x �y r a ��c , b �i v � k h i � s � k h � n g c � i �m n � o l � t r u n g t � m � c h o c h � n g r �i v � o . L u �n c h �n g n � y l � m �t v � d � v � n h �n g c � i b �y m � t a c � t h � g �p k h i n � i v � s � v � h �n . T r o n g v i t r � v � h �n , m �i m �t i �m �u c � t h � ��c x e m l � m �t t � m , b �i m �i m �t i �m �u c � m �t s � v � h �n c � c n g � i s a o � m �i p h � a c �a n � . C � c h t i �p c �n � n g �n - m � i �u n � y p h �i m � i s a u n � y m �i c � - p h �i l � x e m x � t m �t t � n h t r �n g h �u h �n t r o n g � t �t c � c � c n g � i s a o s � r �i v � o n h a u v � s a u � �t c � u h �i t � n h h � n h s � t h a y �i n h � t h � n � o n �u t a t h � m v � o m �t s � n g � i s a o n �a ��c p h � n b � g �n n h � �n g �u � n g o � i v � n g a n g x � t . T h e o �n h l u �t c �a N e w t o n t h � v � t r u n g b � n h , n h �n g n g � i s a o m �i t h � m v � o n � y c in g h o � n t o � n k h � n g l � m ��c i �u g � k h � c v �i n h �n g n g � i s a o b a n �u , t �c l � c h � n g c in g r �i n h a n h n h � v �y . C h � n g t a c � t h � t h � m v � o b a o n h i � u n g � i s a o t � y � , n h �n g c h � n g c in g s � r �i s �p v � o n h a u . B � y g i � t h � c h � n g t a h i �u r �n g k h � n g t h � c � m �t m � h � n h t )n h v � h �n c �a v i t r � t r o n g � h �p d �n l u � n l � l �c h � t .
� y l � s � p h �n � n h l � t h � v � b �u k h � n g k h � t � t ��n g c h u n g c �a m �t g i a i o �n t r ��c t h � k � h a i m ��i , t r o n g � k h � n g m �t a i n g h ) r �n g v i t r � a n g g i � n n � h o �c a n g c o l �i . M �i n g ��i �u t h �a n h �n r �n g h o �c v i t r � t �n t �i v )n h
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