Val dArno | Page 2

the real contests of the sharp mountains with the flat caps, or petasoi,
of cloud, (locally giving Mont Pilate its title, "Pileatus,") may in many
points curiously illustrate for you that contest of Frederick the Second
with Innocent the Fourth, which in the good of it and the evil alike,
represents to all time the war of the solid, rational, and earthly authority
of the King, and State, with the more or less spectral, hooded,
imaginative, and nubiform authority of the Pope, and Church.
4. It will be desirable also that you clearly learn the material relations,
governing spiritual ones,--as of the Alps to their clouds, so of the plains
to their rivers. And of these rivers, chiefly note the relation to each
other, first, of the Adige and Po; then of the Arno and Tiber. For the
Adige, representing among the rivers and fountains of waters the
channel of Imperial, as the Tiber of the Papal power, and the strength of
the Coronet being founded on the white peaks that look down upon
Hapsburg and Hohenzollern, as that of the Scarlet Cap in the marsh of
the Campagna, "quo tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset," the study of the
policies and arts of the cities founded in the two great valleys of
Lombardy and Tuscany, so far as they were affected by their bias to the
Emperor, or the Church, will arrange itself in your minds at once in a
symmetry as clear as it will be, in our future work, secure and
suggestive.
5. "Tenuis, in sicco." How literally the words apply, as to the native
streams, so to the early states or establishings of the great cities of the
world. And you will find that the policy of the Coronet, with its
tower-building; the policy of the Hood, with its dome-building; and the
policy of the bare brow, with its cot-building,--the three main
associations of human energy to which we owe the architecture of our
earth, (in contradistinction to the dens and caves of it,)--are curiously
and eternally governed by mental laws, corresponding to the physical
ones which are ordained for the rocks, the clouds, and the streams.

The tower, which many of you so well remember the daily sight of, in
your youth, above the "winding shore" of Thames,--the tower upon the
hill of London; the dome which still rises above its foul and terrestrial
clouds; and the walls of this city itself, which has been "alma,"
nourishing in gentleness, to the youth of England, because defended
from external hostility by the difficultly fordable streams of its plain,
may perhaps, in a few years more, be swept away as heaps of useless
stone; but the rocks, and clouds, and rivers of our country will yet, one
day, restore to it the glory of law, of religion, and of life.
6. I am about to ask you to read the hieroglyphs upon the architecture
of a dead nation, in character greatly resembling our own,--in laws and
in commerce greatly influencing our own;--in arts, still, from her grave,
tutress of the present world. I know that it will be expected of me to
explain the merits of her arts, without reference to the wisdom of her
laws; and to describe the results of both, without investigating the
feelings which regulated either. I cannot do this; but I will at once end
these necessarily vague, and perhaps premature, generalizations; and
only ask you to study some portions of the life and work of two men,
father and son, citizens of the city in which the energies of this great
people were at first concentrated; and to deduce from that study the
conclusions, or follow out the inquiries, which it may naturally suggest.
7. It is the modern fashion to despise Vasari. He is indeed despicable,
whether as historian or critic,--not least in his admiration of Michael
Angelo; nevertheless, he records the traditions and opinions of his day;
and these you must accurately know, before you can wisely correct. I
will take leave, therefore, to begin to-day with a sentence from Vasari,
which many of you have often heard quoted, but of which, perhaps, few
have enough observed the value.
"Niccola Pisano finding himself under certain Greek sculptors who
were carving the figures and other intaglio ornaments of the cathedral
of Pisa, and of the temple of St. John, and there being, among many
spoils of marbles, brought by the Pisan fleet, [1] some ancient tombs,
there was one among the others most fair, on which was sculptured the
hunting of Meleager." [2]
[Footnote 1: "Armata." The proper word for a land army is "esercito."]
[Footnote 2: Vol. i., p. 60, of Mrs. Foster's English translation, to which
I shall always refer, in order that English students may compare the

context if they