Union and Democracy

Union and Democracy, by Allen
Johnson

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Title: Union and Democracy
Author: Allen Johnson

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UNION AND DEMOCRACY
by
ALLEN JOHNSON
Professor of American History Yale University

[Illustration: From the original portrait by Stuart, at Bowdoin College.
Th. Jefferson [Handwritten]]

[Illustration]

Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York Chicago
The Riverside Press Cambridge
Copyright, 1915, by Allen Johnson All Rights Reserved
The Riverside Press Cambridge, Massachusetts U. S. A.

PREFACE
The title of this volume must be regarded as suggestive rather than as
strictly accurate, for the beginnings of union are to be found farther
back than 1783, and democracy in its largest sense has even yet been

only imperfectly realized. At the close of the Revolution, union was but
a name. What Metternich said of the Italy of his day might have been
said of the United States in 1783: it was only a geographical expression.
The formation of the new federal union under the Constitution is
properly the main, though not the sole, theme of this volume. Behind
the thirteen Atlantic communities lay a vast region which almost at
once invited the colonizing activities of the people. The rise of this
western world is a movement of immense significance. Out of the
bosom of the West emerged the new democracy which transformed the
face of society in the old States. Whether viewed economically or
politically, this forms the second theme in any history of the times.
Around these two movements, therefore, I have endeavored to group
the events of forty-five years.
Within the last few years special studies have added much to the
common stock of historical information, and in many ways effected
changes in the historian's point of view. The time seemed proper to
restate the salient factors in the history of this formative period. I have
frankly appropriated the labors of others. Had the plan of the series
permitted the use of footnotes, I would gladly have made particular
acknowledgment of my indebtedness. At the same time I have not
hesitated to present the results of my own studies where they have led
away from the conventional view of men and events.
In preparation of the maps showing the popular vote in the elections of
1800 and 1824, I have drawn largely upon the data which Dr. Charles
O. Paullin, of the Carnegie Institution, has generously put at my
disposal. In States where the presidential electors were not chosen
directly by the voters, other votes, such as those for governor, have
been made the basis for determining the popular choice among party
candidates for the presidency. Two of my graduate students, Miss
Isabel S. Mitchell and Mr. Joseph E. Howe, have given me valuable
assistance in the execution of the maps. I am under particular obligation
to my colleague, Professor Stewart L. Mims, for reading critically both
manuscript and proof.
Allen Johnson.

CONTENTS
I. The Ordeal of the Confederation 1
II. The Making of the Constitution 25
III. The Restoration of Public Credit 46
IV. The Testing of the New Government 68
V. Anglomen and Jacobins 89
VI. The Revolution of 1800 105
VII. Jeffersonian Reforms 123
VIII. The Purchase of the Province of Louisiana 143
IX. Faction and Conspiracy 161
X. Peaceable Coercion 179
XI. The Approach of War 197
XII. The War of 1812 212
XIII. The Results of the War 231
XIV. The Westward Movement 245
XV. Hard Times 266
XVI. The National Awakening 282
XVII. The New Democracy 298
XVIII. Politics and State Rights 318

XIX. The Rise of National Sovereignty 331
Index i

MAPS AND CHARTS
The United States in 1783 facing 1
State-making in the West, 1783-87 9
Distribution of Votes in Ratification of The Constitution: The New
England States 37 The Middle States 39 The Southern States 42
Distribution of Population, 1790 49
Vote on Assumption 59
The Northwest, 1785-95 71
Vote on the Repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts, February 25, 1799
between 112 and 113
Presidential Election of 1800 between 116 and 117
Distribution of Population, 1800 125
Vote on the Repeal of the Judiciary Act, March 2,