Uncle Roberts Geography | Page 9

the apples when they bake?" asked Uncle Robert.
"They just swell up so big their jackets won't hold them," said Donald, laughing.
"It is heat that makes the bread rise, isn't it?" asked Frank.
"Of course," said Susie. "Don't you know sometimes if the bread doesn't rise, mother says it is because it is too cold?"
"There is something besides heat that makes the bread rise," said Uncle Robert.
"Yes," replied Susie, "the yeast; but it must be warm--I know it must."
"It seems as though everything is bigger when it is hot than when it is cold," said Frank. "And now I believe I understand something that happened not long ago."
"What was it?" asked Uncle Robert.
"Peter and I were driving to town," began Frank, "and the tire of one of the wagon wheels slipped right off. We managed to get to the blacksmith's shop, and he put the tire in the fire until it was hot. Then he put it on the wheel, but it was still loose. We couldn't have gone a step without its coming off again. He brought cold water and poured over it, and soon it was as tight as could be. I thought the water made the wood of the wheel swell up--you know water does that to the pails and tubs when they leak; but now I believe the fire made the tire larger, and then the cold water made it small again. That is just what happened."
[Illustration: The blacksmith shop.]
"But air can't grow bigger, can it?" asked Donald.
"If you can find an empty bottle, Donald," said Uncle Robert, "perhaps we can soon find out about it."
Uncle Robert took a piece of thin rubber out of his pocket and tied it tightly over the mouth of the bottle."
"By the way," he said, "is there anything in this bottle?
"No," said Susie, looking through the glass.
"Oh, yes," said Donald, "there is air in it."
"Well," replied Uncle Robert, "please get a pan of hot water, Frank."
Frank brought the water, and as Uncle Robert began to put the bottle into it they all exclaimed:
"Be careful; you'll break the bottle!"
"What will make it break?" asked Uncle Robert, pausing.
"Why, the hot water," said Susie.
"It always breaks glass if you put it in too quickly," said Donald.
[Illustration]
"Well, we'll warm it a little first," holding the bottle close to the water. "I think I can try it now."
As he spoke he lowered the bottle into the water, and the rubber tied over the neck began to bulge out.
"See!" cried Susie. "What makes it do that?"
"Try the cold now," said Uncle Robert. "Here, Donald, hold the bottle in this pail of cold water."
"The rubber is going down," said Donald in a moment. "It is going right into the bottle."
"Does the air in the bottle pull the rubber in with it?" asked Susie.
"But, Uncle Robert," said Donald, "what if wagon tires, apples, and air do swell up when they are hot? I don't see what all that has to do with the thermometer."
"I think I see," said Frank. "Why wouldn't this gray stuff in the thermometer get bigger when it's hot, if everything else does?"
"What is it that moves up and down in the thermometer?" asked Susie.
"It is mercury," answered Uncle Robert, "which is sometimes called quicksilver."
"It looks like silver," said Susie, examining it closely.
"Perhaps you can see this better," said Uncle Robert, taking a small bottle of mercury from his pocket and pouring a little into Donald's hand.
"How heavy it is!" exclaimed he, letting it roll about. "It feels just like lead."
"It is almost twice as heavy as lead," replied Uncle Robert.
"Put it in my hand, Donald," said Susie. "There, you've spilled it on the floor! Just see it run around!"
"Is it always soft like this?" asked Frank.
"No, it becomes hard when it is very, very cold."
"How cold, uncle?" asked Donald, looking at the thermometer.
"Thirty-nine or forty degrees below zero," was the reply. "In the coldest of countries alcohol thermometers are used. It must be much colder than that to freeze alcohol."
"Why is mercury used, uncle?" asked Frank.
"Because it takes a very great heat to make it boil." said Uncle Robert. "Then you have seen how quickly it shows a change of temperature. When it is warm we call it a high temperature, and when it is cold it is called a low temperature."
"That is because the mercury goes up when it is hot, and down when it is cold, isn't it?" said Donald. "I wonder how it would feel if it was forty degrees below zero. See, it is away down to there!"
"Do you remember that day last winter when Peter froze his ears driving to town?" asked Frank. "Well, it was twenty below that day at the post office. I saw it. But father is calling me; I must go."


CHAPTER IV.
WITH THE ANIMALS.
"Don't forget to set