Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

by Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Title: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Author: Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
by
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Perhaps this book will be understood only by someone who has himself
already had the thoughts that are expressed in it--or at least similar
thoughts.--So it is not a textbook.--Its purpose would be achieved if it
gave pleasure to one person who read and understood it.
The book deals with the problems of philosophy, and shows, I believe,
that the reason why these problems are posed is that the logic of our
language is misunderstood. The whole sense of the book might be
summed up the following words: what can be said at all can be said
clearly, and what we cannot talk about we must pass over in silence.
Thus the aim of the book is to draw a limit to thought, or rather--not to
thought, but to the expression of thoughts: for in order to be able to
draw a limit to thought, we should have to find both sides of the limit

thinkable (i.e. we should have to be able to think what cannot be
thought).
It will therefore only be in language that the limit can be drawn, and
what lies on the other side of the limit will simply be nonsense.
I do not wish to judge how far my efforts coincide with those of other
philosophers. Indeed, what I have written here makes no claim to
novelty in detail, and the reason why I give no sources is that it is a
matter of indifference to me whether the thoughts that I have had have
been anticipated by someone else.
I will only mention that I am indebted to Frege's great works and of the
writings of my friend Mr Bertrand Russell for much of the stimulation
of my thoughts.
If this work has any value, it consists in two things: the first is that
thoughts are expressed in it, and on this score the better the thoughts
are expressed--the more the nail has been hit on the head--the greater
will be its value.--Here I am conscious of having fallen a long way
short of what is possible. Simply because my powers are too slight for
the accomplishment of the task.--May others come and do it better.
On the other hand the truth of the thoughts that are here communicated
seems to me unassailable and definitive. I therefore believe myself to
have found, on all essential points, the final solution of the problems.
And if I am not mistaken in this belief, then the second thing in which
the of this work consists is that it shows how little is achieved when
these problems are solved.
L.W. Vienna, 1918
1. The world is all that is the case.
1.1 The world is the totality of facts, not of things.
1.11 The world is determined by the facts, and by their being all the
facts.

1.12 For the totality of facts determines what is the case, and also
whatever is not the case.
1.13 The facts in logical space are the world.
1.2 The world divides into facts.
1.21 Each item can be the case or not the case while everything else
remains the same.
2. What is the case--a fact--is the existence of states of affairs.
2.01 A state of affairs (a state of things) is a combination of objects
(things).
2.011 It is essential to things that they should be possible constituents
of states of affairs.
2.012 In logic nothing is accidental: