The Task of Social Hygiene | Page 3

as Law-makers in the Home 67
IV.--THE EMANCIPATION OF WOMEN IN RELATION TO
ROMANTIC LOVE
The Absence of Romantic Love in Classic Civilization--Marriage as a
Duty--The Rise of Romantic Love in the Roman Empire--The
Influence of Christianity--The Attitude of Chivalry--The
Troubadours--The Courts of Love--The Influence of the
Renaissance--Conventional Chivalry and Modern Civilization--The
Woman Movement--The Modern Woman's Equality of Rights and
Responsibilities excludes Chivalry--New Forms of Romantic Love still
remain possible--Love as the Inspiration of Social Hygiene 113
V.--THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A FALLING BIRTH-RATE
The Fall of the Birth-rate in Europe generally--In England--In
Germany--In the United States--In Canada--In Australasia--"Crude"
Birth-rate and "Corrected" Birth-rate--The Connection between High
Birth-rate and High Death-rate--"Natural Increase" measured by Excess
of Births over Deaths--The Measure of National Well-being--The
Example of Russia--Japan--China--The Necessity of viewing the
Question from a wide Standpoint--The Prevalence of Neo-Malthusian
Methods--Influence of the Roman Catholic Church--Other Influences
lowering the Birth-rate--Influence of Postponement of
Marriage--Relation of the Birth-rate to Commercial and Industrial
Activity--Illustrated by Russia, Hungary, and Australia--The Relation
of Prosperity to Fertility--The Social Capillarity Theory--Divergence of
the Birth-rate and the Marriage-rate--Marriage-rate and the Movement
of Prices--Prosperity and Civilization--Fertility among Savages--The
lesser fertility of Urban Populations--Effect of Urbanization on
Physical Development--Why Prosperity fails permanently to increase
Fertility--Prosperity creates Restraints on Fertility--The process of
Civilization involves Decreased Fertility--In this Respect it is a
Continuation of Zoological Evolution--Large Families as a Stigma of

Degeneration--The Decreased Fertility of Civilization a General
Historical Fact--The Ideals of Civilization to-day--The East and the
West 134
VI.--EUGENICS AND LOVE
Eugenics and the Decline of the Birth-rate--Quantity and Quality in the
Production of Children--Eugenic Sexual Selection--The Value of
Pedigrees--Their Scientific Significance--The Systematic Record of
Personal Data--The Proposal for Eugenic Certificates--St. Valentine's
Day and Sexual Selection--Love and Reason--Love Ruled by Natural
Law--Eugenic Selection not opposed to Love--No Need for Legal
Compulsion--Medicine in Relation to Marriage. 193
VII.--RELIGION AND THE CHILD
Religious Education in Relation to Social Hygiene and to
Psychology--The Psychology of the Child--The Contents of Children's
Minds--The Imagination of Children--How far may Religion be
assimilated by Children?--Unfortunate Results of Early Religious
Instruction--Puberty the Age for Religious Education--Religion as an
Initiation into a Mystery--Initiation among Savages--The Christian
Sacraments--The Modern Tendency as regards Religious
Instruction--Its Advantages--Children and Fairy Tales--The Bible of
Childhood--Moral Training 217
VIII.--THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL HYGIENE
The New Movement for giving Sexual Instruction to Children--The
Need of such a Movement--Contradictions involved by the Ancient
Policy of Silence--Errors of the New Policy--The Need of Teaching the
Teacher--The Need of Training the Parents--And of Scientifically
equipping the Physician--Sexual Hygiene and Society--The
far-reaching Effects of Sexual Hygiene 244
IX.--IMMORALITY AND THE LAW
Social Hygiene and Legal Compulsion--The Binding Force of Custom

among Savages--The Dissolving Influence of Civilization--The
Distinction between Immorality and Criminality--Adultery as a
Crime--The Tests of Criminality--National Differences in laying down
the Boundary between Criminal and Immoral
Acts--France--Germany--England--The United States--Police
Administration--Police Methods in the United States--National
Differences in the Regulation of the Trade in Alcohol--Prohibition in
the United States--Origin of the American Method of Dealing with
Immorality--Russia--Historical Fluctuations in Methods of Dealing
with Immorality and Prostitution--Homosexuality--Holland--The Age
of Consent--Moral Legislation in England--In the United States--The
Raines Law--America Attempts to Suppress Prostitution--Their
Futility--German Methods of Regulating Prostitution--The Sound
Method of Approaching Immorality--Training in Sexual
Hygiene--Education in Personal and Social Responsibility 258
X.--THE WAR AGAINST WAR
Why the Problem of War is specially urgent To-day--The Beneficial
Effects of War in Barbarous Ages--Civilization renders the Ultimate
Disappearance of War Inevitable--The Introduction of Law in disputes
between Individuals involves the Introduction of Law in disputes
between Nations--But there must be Force behind Law--Henry IV's
Attempt to Confederate Europe--Every International Tribunal of
Arbitration must be able to Enforce its decisions--The Influences
making for the Abolition of Warfare--(1) Growth of International
Opinion--(2) International Financial Development--(3) The Decreasing
Pressure of Population--(4) The Natural Exhaustion of the Warlike
Spirit--(5) The Spread of Anti-military Doctrines--(6) The Over-growth
of Armaments--(7) The Dominance of Social Reform--War
Incompatible with an Advanced Civilization--Nations as Trustees for
Humanity--The Impossibility of Disarmament--The Necessity of Force
to ensure Peace--The Federated State of the Future--The Decay of War
still leaves the Possibilities of Daring and Heroism 311
XI.--THE PROBLEM OF AN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE
Early Attempts to construct an International Language--The Urgent

Need of an Auxiliary Language To-day--Volapük--The Claims of
Spanish--Latin--The Claims of English--Its Disadvantages--The Claims
of French--Its Disadvantages--The Modern Growth of National Feeling
opposed to Selection of a Natural Language--Advantages of an
Artificial Language--Demands it must Fulfil--Esperanto--Its
Threatened Disruption--The International Association for the Adoption
of an Auxiliary International Language--The First Step to Take 349
XII.--INDIVIDUALISM AND SOCIALISM
Social Hygiene in Relation to the Alleged Opposition between
Socialism and Individualism--The Two Parties in Politics--The
Relation of Conservatism and Radicalism to Socialism and
Individualism--The Basis of Socialism--The Basis of
Individualism--The seeming Opposition between Socialism and
Individualism merely a Division of Labour--Both Socialism and
Individualism equally Necessary--Not only Necessary, but
Indispensable to each other--The Conflict between the