Germany. Keuper. St. Cassian and Hallstadt
Beds. Peculiarity of their Fauna. Muschelkalk and its Fossils. Trias of
the United States. Fossil Foot-prints of Birds and Reptiles in the Valley
of the Connecticut. Triassic Mammifer of North Carolina. Triassic
Coal-field of Richmond, Virginia. Low Grade of early Mammals
favourable to the Theory of Progressive Development.
CHAPTER XXII.
PERMIAN OR MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE GROUP.
Line of Separation between Mesozoic and Palaeozoic Rocks.
Distinctness of Triassic and Permian Fossils. Term Permian. Thickness
of calcareous and sedimentary Rocks in North of England. Upper,
Middle, and Lower Permian. Marine Shells and Corals of the English
Magnesian Limestone. Reptiles and Fish of Permian Marl-slate.
Foot-prints of Reptiles. Angular Breccias in Lower Permian. Permian
Rocks of the Continent. Zechstein and Rothliegendes of Thuringia.
Permian Flora. Its generic Affinity to the Carboniferous.
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE COAL OR CARBONIFEROUS GROUP.
Principal Subdivisions of the Carboniferous Group. Different
Thickness of the sedimentary and calcareous Members in Scotland and
the South of England. Coal-measures. Terrestrial Nature of the Growth
of Coal. Erect fossil Trees. Uniting of many Coal-seams into one thick
Bed. Purity of the Coal explained. Conversion of Coal into Anthracite.
Origin of Clay-ironstone. Marine and brackish-water Strata in Coal.
Fossil Insects. Batrachian Reptiles. Labyrinthodont Foot-prints in
Coal-measures. Nova Scotia Coal-measures with successive Growths
of erect fossil Trees. Similarity of American and European Coal.
Air-breathers of the American Coal. Changes of Condition of Land and
Sea indicated by the Carboniferous Strata of Nova Scotia.
CHAPTER XXIV.
FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD.
Vegetation of the Coal Period. Ferns, Lycopodiaceae, Equisetaceae,
Sigillariae, Stigmariae, Coniferae. Angiosperms. Climate of the Coal
Period. Mountain Limestone. Marine Fauna of the Carboniferous
Period. Corals. Bryozoa, Crinoidea. Mollusca. Great Number of fossil
Fish. Foraminifera.
CHAPTER XXV.
DEVONIAN OR OLD RED SANDSTONE GROUP.
Classification of the Old Red Sandstone in Scotland and in Devonshire.
Upper Old Red Sandstone in Scotland, with Fish and Plants. Middle
Old Red Sandstone. Classification of the Ichthyolites of the Old Red,
and their Relation to Living Types. Lower Old Red Sandstone, with
Cephalaspis and Pterygotus. Marine or Devonian Type of Old Red
Sandstone. Table of Devonian Series. Upper Devonian Rocks and
Fossils. Middle. Lower. Eifel Limestone of Germany. Devonian of
Russia. Devonian Strata of the United States and Canada. Devonian
Plants and Insects of Canada.
CHAPTER XXVI.
SILURIAN GROUP.
Classification of the Silurian Rocks. Ludlow Formation and Fossils.
Bone-bed of the Upper Ludlow. Lower Ludlow Shales with
Pentamerus. Oldest known Remains of fossil Fish. Table of the
progressive Discovery of Vertebrata in older Rocks. Wenlock
Formation, Corals, Cystideans and Trilobites. Llandovery Group or
Beds of Passage. Lower Silurian Rocks. Caradoc and Bala Beds.
Brachiopoda. Trilobites. Cystideae. Graptolites. Llandeilo Flags.
Arenig or Stiper-stones Group. Foreign Silurian Equivalents in Europe.
Silurian Strata of the United States. Canadian Equivalents. Amount of
specific Agreement of Fossils with those of Europe.
CHAPTER XXVII.
CAMBRIAN AND LAURENTIAN GROUPS.
Classification of the Cambrian Group, and its Equivalent in Bohemia.
Upper Cambrian Rocks. Tremadoc Slates and their Fossils. Lingula
Flags. Lower Cambrian Rocks. Menevian Beds. Longmynd Group.
Harlech Grits with large Trilobites. Llanberis Slates. Cambrian Rocks
of Bohemia. Primordial Zone of Barrande. Metamorphosis of Trilobites.
Cambrian Rocks of Sweden and Norway. Cambrian Rocks of the
United States and Canada. Potsdam Sandstone. Huronian Series.
Laurentian Group, upper and lower. Eozoon Canadense, oldest known
Fossil. Fundamental Gneiss of Scotland.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
VOLCANIC ROCKS.
External Form, Structure, and Origin of Volcanic Mountains. Cones
and Craters. Hypothesis of "Elevation Craters" considered. Trap Rocks.
Name whence derived. Minerals most abundant in Volcanic Rocks.
Table of the Analysis of Minerals in the Volcanic and Hypogene Rocks.
Similar Minerals in Meteorites. Theory of Isomorphism. Basaltic Rocks.
Trachytic Rocks. Special Forms of Structure. The columnar and
globular Forms. Trap Dikes and Veins. Alteration of Rocks by volcanic
Dikes. Conversion of Chalk into Marble. Intrusion of Trap between
Strata. Relation of trappean Rocks to the Products of active Volcanoes.
CHAPTER XXIX.
ON THE AGES OF VOLCANIC ROCKS.
Tests of relative Age of Volcanic Rocks. Why ancient and modern
Rocks can not be identical. Tests by Superposition and intrusion. Test
by Alteration of Rocks in Contact. Test by Organic Remains. Test of
Age by Mineral Character. Test by Included Fragments. Recent and
Post-pliocene volcanic Rocks. Vesuvius, Auvergne, Puy de Come, and
Puy de Pariou. Newer Pliocene volcanic Rocks. Cyclopean Isles, Etna,
Dikes of Palagonia, Madeira. Older Pliocene volcanic Rocks. Italy.
Pliocene Volcanoes of the Eifel. Trass.
CHAPTER XXX.
AGE OF VOLCANIC ROCKS-- CONTINUED.
Volcanic Rocks of the Upper Miocene Period. Madeira. Grand Canary.
Azores. Lower Miocene Volcanic Rocks. Isle of Mull. Staffa and
Antrim. The Eifel. Upper and Lower Miocene Volcanic Rocks of
Auvergne. Hill of Gergovia. Eocene Volcanic
Continue reading on your phone by scaning this QR Code
Tip: The current page has been bookmarked automatically. If you wish to continue reading later, just open the
Dertz Homepage, and click on the 'continue reading' link at the bottom of the page.
