The Scientific Evidences of Organic Evolution

㝰
The Scientific Evidences of Organic?by George John Romanes

The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Scientific Evidences of Organic
Evolution, by George John Romanes This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: The Scientific Evidences of Organic Evolution
Author: George John Romanes
Release Date: November 27, 2006 [EBook #19922]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORGANIC EVOLUTION ***

Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, V. L. Simpson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

NATURE SERIES.
THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCES
OF
ORGANIC EVOLUTION.
BY GEORGE J. ROMANES, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., ZOOLOGICAL SECRETARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
London: MACMILLAN AND CO. 1882.
The Right of Translation and Reproduction is Reserved.
LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL.

PREFACE.
Several months ago I published in the Fortnightly Review a lecture, which I had previously delivered at the Philosophical Institutions of Edinburgh and Birmingham, and which bore the above title. The late Mr. Darwin thought well of the epitome of his doctrine which the lecture presented, and urged me so strongly to republish it in a form which might admit of its being "spread broadcast over the land," that I promised him to do so. In fulfilment of this promise, therefore--which I now regard as more binding than ever--I reproduce the essay in the "Nature Series" with such additions and alterations as appear to me, on second thoughts, to be desirable. The only object of the essay is that which is expressed in the opening paragraph.
LONDON,
June 1, 1882.
Since this little Essay was published, it has been suggested to me that, in its mode of presenting the arguments in favour of Evolution, there is a similarity to that which has been adopted by Mr. Herbert Spencer in the third part of his Principles of Biology. I should therefore like to state, that while such similarity is no doubt in part due to the similarity of subject-matter, I think, upon reading again, after an interval of ten years, his admirable presentation of the evidence it may also in part be due to unconscious memory. This applies particularly to the headings of the chapters, which I find to be almost identical with those previously used by Mr. Spencer.
G. J. R.

CONTENTS.
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
I. THE ARGUMENT FROM CLASSIFICATION 17
II. THE ARGUMENT FROM MORPHOLOGY OR STRUCTURE 26
III. THE ARGUMENT FROM GEOLOGY 46
IV. THE ARGUMENT FROM GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 48
V. THE ARGUMENT FROM EMBRYOLOGY 63
VI. ARGUMENTS DRAWN FROM CERTAIN GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 70

THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCES
OF
ORGANIC EVOLUTION.
Although it is generally recognised that the Origin of Species has produced an effect both on the science and the philosophy of our age which is without a parallel in the history of thought, admirers of Mr. Darwin's genius are frequently surprised at the ignorance of his work which is displayed by many persons who can scarcely be said to belong to the uncultured classes. The reason of this ignorance is no doubt partly due to the busy life which many of our bread-winners are constrained to live; but it is also, I think, partly due to mere indolence. There are thousands of educated persons who, on coming home from their daily work, prefer reading literature of a less scientific character than that which is supplied by Mr. Darwin's works; and therefore it is that such persons feel these works to belong to a category of books which is to them a very large one--the books, namely, which never are, but always to be, read. Under these circumstances I have thought it desirable to supply a short digest of the Origin of Species, which any man, of however busy a life, or of however indolent a disposition, may find both time and energy to follow.
With the general aim of the present abstract being thus understood, I shall start at the beginning of my subject by very briefly describing the theory of natural selection. It is a matter of observable fact that all plants and animals are perpetually engaged in what Mr. Darwin calls a "struggle for existence." That is to say, in every generation of every species a great many more individuals are born than can possibly survive; so that there is in consequence a perpetual battle for life going on among all the constituent individuals of any given generation. Now, in this struggle for existence, which individuals will be victorious and live? Assuredly those which are best fitted to live: the weakest and the least fitted to live will succumb and die, while the strongest and the best fitted to live will be triumphant and survive. Now it is this "survival of the fittest" that Mr. Darwin calls "natural selection." Nature, so to speak, selects the best individuals out of each generation