The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism | Page 2

of Bolshevism from which I differ more fundamentally. Bolshevism is not merely a political doctrine; it is also a religion, with elaborate dogmas and inspired scriptures. When Lenin wishes to prove some proposition, he does so, if possible, by quoting texts from Marx and Engels. A full-fledged Communist is not merely a man who believes that land and capital should be held in common, and their produce distributed as nearly equally as possible. He is a man who entertains a number of elaborate and dogmatic beliefs--such as philosophic materialism, for example--which may be true, but are not, to a scientific temper, capable of being known to be true with any certainty. This habit, of militant certainty about objectively doubtful matters, is one from which, since the Renaissance, the world has been gradually emerging, into that temper of constructive and fruitful scepticism which constitutes the scientific outlook. I believe the scientific outlook to be immeasurably important to the human race. If a more just economic system were only attainable by closing men's minds against free inquiry, and plunging them back into the intellectual prison of the middle ages, I should consider the price too high. It cannot be denied that, over any short period of time, dogmatic belief is a help in fighting. If all Communists become religious fanatics, while supporters of capitalism retain a sceptical temper, it may be assumed that the Communists will win, while in the contrary case the capitalists would win. It seems evident, from the attitude of the capitalist world to Soviet Russia, of the Entente to the Central Empires, and of England to Ireland and India, that there is no depth of cruelty, perfidy or brutality from which the present holders of power will shrink when they feel themselves threatened. If, in order to oust them, nothing short of religious fanaticism will serve, it is they who are the prime sources of the resultant evil. And it is permissible to hope that, when they have been dispossessed, fanaticism will fade, as other fanaticisms have faded in the past.
The present holders of power are evil men, and the present manner of life is doomed. To make the transition with a minimum of bloodshed, with a maximum of preservation of whatever has value in our existing civilization, is a difficult problem. It is this problem which has chiefly occupied my mind in writing the following pages. I wish I could think that its solution would be facilitated by some slight degree of moderation and humane feeling on the part of those who enjoy unjust privileges in the world as it is.
The present work is the outcome of a visit to Russia, supplemented by much reading and discussion both before and after. I have thought it best to record what I saw separately from theoretical considerations, and I have endeavoured to state my impressions without any bias for or against the Bolsheviks. I received at their hands the greatest kindness and courtesy, and I owe them a debt of gratitude for the perfect freedom which they allowed me in my investigations. I am conscious that I was too short a time in Russia to be able to form really reliable judgments; however, I share this drawback with most other westerners who have written on Russia since the October Revolution. I feel that Bolshevism is a matter of such importance that it is necessary, for almost every political question, to define one's attitude in regard to it; and I have hopes that I may help others to define their attitude, even if only by way of opposition to what I have written.
I have received invaluable assistance from my secretary, Miss D.W. Black, who was in Russia shortly after I had left. The chapter on Art and Education is written by her throughout. Neither is responsible for the other's opinions.
BERTRAND RUSSELL
_September, 1920._

CONTENTS
PAGE PREFACE 5

PART I THE PRESENT CONDITION OF RUSSIA
I. WHAT IS HOPED FROM BOLSHEVISM 15
II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 24
III. LENIN, TROTSKY AND GORKY 36
IV. ART AND EDUCATION 45
V. COMMUNISM AND THE SOVIET CONSTITUTION 72
VI. THE FAILURE OF RUSSIAN INDUSTRY 81
VII. DAILY LIFE IN MOSCOW 92
VIII. TOWN AND COUNTRY 99
IX. INTERNATIONAL POLICY 106

PART II BOLSHEVIK THEORY
I. THE MATERIALISTIC THEORY OF HISTORY 119
II. DECIDING FORCES IN POLITICS 128
III. BOLSHEVIK CRITICISM OF DEMOCRACY 134
IV. REVOLUTION AND DICTATORSHIP 146
V. MECHANISM AND THE INDIVIDUAL 157
VI. WHY RUSSIAN COMMUNISM HAS FAILED 165
VII. CONDITIONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF COMMUNISM 178


PART I
THE PRESENT CONDITION OF RUSSIA

I
WHAT IS HOPED FROM BOLSHEVISM
To understand Bolshevism it is not sufficient to know facts; it is necessary also to enter with sympathy or imagination into a new spirit. The chief thing that the Bolsheviks have done is to create a hope, or at any rate to make strong and widespread a hope which was formerly confined to a few. This aspect of the