The Non-Christian Cross | Page 2

IV
. CURIOUS STATEMENTS OF IRENAEUS 52
CHAPTER V
. ORIGIN OF THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CROSS 57
CHAPTER VI
. ORIGIN OF THE CHRISTIAN CROSS 65
CHAPTER VII
. THE ESTABLISHER OF THE CHURCH 82
CHAPTER VIII
. CROSS AND CRESCENT8 92
CHAPTER IX
. THE CORONATION ORB9 104
CHAPTER X
. ROMAN COINS BEFORE CONSTANTINE 119
CHAPTER XI
. THE COINS OF CONSTANTINE 133
CHAPTER XII
. ROMAN COINS AFTER CONSTANTINE 142
CHAPTER XIII
. THE MONOGRAM OF CHRIST 147
CHAPTER XIV
. THE CROSS OF THE LOGOS 163
CHAPTER XV
. THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CROSS IN EUROPE 169
CHAPTER XVI
. THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CROSS IN ASIA 178
CHAPTER XVII
. THE PRE-CHRISTIAN CROSS IN AFRICA 183
CHAPTER XVIII
. EVIDENCE OF TROY 187
CHAPTER XIX
. EVIDENCE OF CYPRUS 193
CHAPTER XX
. MISCELLANEOUS EVIDENCE 204
CHAPTER XI
. SUMMARY 214

THE NON-CHRISTIAN CROSS. ------------------------
CHAPTER I
. WAS THE STAUROS OF JESUS CROSS-SHAPED?
In the thousand and one works supplied for our information upon matters connected with the history of our race, we are told that Alexander the Great, Titus, and various Greek, Roman, and Oriental rulers of ancient days, "crucified" this or that person; or that they "crucified" so many at once, or during their reign. And the instrument of execution is called a "cross."
The natural result is that we imagine that all the people said to have been "crucified" were executed by being nailed or otherwise affixed to a cross-shaped instrument set in the ground, like that to be seen in our fanciful illustrations of the execution of Jesus.
This was, however, by no means necessarily the case.
For instance, the death spoken of, death by the _stauros_, included transfixion by a pointed stauros or stake, as well as affixion to an unpointed stauros or stake; and the latter punishment was not always that referred to.
It is also probable that in most of the many cases where we have no clue as to which kind of stauros was used, the cause of the condemned one's death was transfixion by a pointed stauros.
Moreover, even if we could prove that this very common mode of capital punishment was in no case that referred to by the historians who lived in bygone ages, and that death was in each instance caused by affixion to, instead of transfixion by, a stauros, we should still have to prove that each stauros had a cross-bar before we could correctly describe the death caused by it as death by crucifixion.
It is also, upon the face of it, somewhat unlikely that the ancients would in every instance in which they despatched a man by affixing him to a post set in the ground, have gone out of their way to provide the artistic but quite unnecessary cross-bar of our imaginations.
As it is, in any case, well known that the Romans very often despatched those condemned to death by affixing them to a stake or post which had no cross-bar, the question arises as to what proof we have that a cross-bar was used in the case of Jesus.
Nor is the question an unimportant one. For, as we shall see in the chapters to come, there was a pre-Christian cross, which was, like ours, a symbol of Life. And it must be obvious to all that if the cross was a symbol of Life before our era, it is possible that it was originally fixed upon as a symbol of the Christ because it was a symbol of Life; the assumption that it became a symbol of Life because it was a symbol of the Christ, being in that case neither more nor less than a very natural instance of putting the cart before the horse.
Now the Greek word which in Latin versions of the New Testament is translated as _crux_, and in English versions is rendered as _cross, i.e._, the word _stauros_, seems to have, at the beginning of our era, no more meant a cross than the English word stick means a crutch.
It is true that a stick may be in the shape of a crutch, and that the stauros to which Jesus was affixed may have been in the shape of a cross. But just as the former is not necessarily a crutch, so the latter was not necessarily a cross.
What the ancients used to signify when they used the word _stauros_, can easily be seen by referring to either the Iliad or the Odyssey.[1]
It will there be found to clearly signify an ordinary pole or stake without any cross-bar. And it is as thus signifying a single piece of wood that the word in question is used throughout the old Greek classics.[2]
The stauros used as an instrument of execution was (1) a small pointed pole or stake used for thrusting through the body, so as to pin the latter to the earth, or otherwise render death inevitable; (2) a similar pole or stake fixed in the ground point upwards, upon which the condemned one was forced down till incapable of escaping; (3) a