The Life of Jesus | Page 8

contribute to the literary history of the apostolic age, would doubtless have mentioned it.
The intrinsic difficulties drawn from the perusal of the fourth Gospel itself are not less strong. How is it that, side by side with narration so precise, and so evidently that of an eye-witness, we find discourses so totally different from those of Matthew? How is it that, connected with a general plan of the life of Jesus, which appears much more satisfactory and exact than that of the synoptics, these singular passages occur in which we are sensible of a dogmatic interest peculiar to the compiler, of ideas foreign to Jesus, and sometimes of indications which place us on our guard against the good faith of the narrator? Lastly, how is it that, united with views the most pure, the most just, the most truly evangelical, we find these blemishes which we would fain regard as the interpolations of an ardent sectarian? Is it indeed John, son of Zebedee, brother of James (of whom there is not a single mention made in the fourth Gospel), who is able to write in Greek these lessons of abstract metaphysics to which neither the synoptics nor the Talmud offer any analogy? All this is of great importance; and for myself, I dare not be sure that the fourth Gospel has been entirely written by the pen of a Galilean fisherman. But that, as a whole, this Gospel may have originated toward the end of the first century, from the great school of Asia Minor, which was connected with John, that it represents to us a version of the life of the Master, worthy of high esteem, and often to be preferred, is demonstrated, in a manner which leaves us nothing to be desired, both by exterior evidences and by examination of the document itself.
And, firstly, no one doubts that, toward the year 150, the fourth Gospel did exist, and was attributed to John. Explicit texts from St. Justin,[1] from Athenagorus,[2] from Tatian,[3] from Theophilus of Antioch,[4] from Iren?us,[5] show that thenceforth this Gospel mixed in every controversy, and served as corner-stone for the development of the faith. Iren?us is explicit; now, Iren?us came from the school of John, and between him and the apostle there was only Polycarp. The part played by this Gospel in Gnosticism, and especially in the system of Valentinus,[6] in Montanism,[7] and in the quarrel of the Quartodecimans,[8] is not less decisive. The school of John was the most influential one during the second century; and it is only by regarding the origin of the Gospel as coincident with the rise of the school, that the existence of the latter can be understood at all. Let us add that the first epistle attributed to St. John is certainly by the same author as the fourth Gospel,[9] now, this epistle is recognized as from John by Polycarp,[10] Papias,[11] and Iren?us.[12]
[Footnote 1: _Apol._, 32, 61; _Dial. cum Tryph._, 88.]
[Footnote 2: Legatio pro Christ, 10.]
[Footnote 3: _Adv. Gr?c._, 5, 7; Cf. Eusebius, _H.E._, iv. 29; Theodoret, _H?retic. Fabul._, i. 20.]
[Footnote 4: Ad Autolycum, ii. 22.]
[Footnote 5: _Adv. H?r._, II. xxii. 5, III. 1. Cf. Eus., _H.E._, v. 8.]
[Footnote 6: Iren?us, _Adv. H?r._, I. iii. 6; III. xi. 7; St. Hippolytus, Philosophumena VI. ii. 29, and following.]
[Footnote 7: Iren?us, _Adv. H?r._, III. xi. 9.]
[Footnote 8: Eusebius, _Hist. Eccl._, v. 24.]
[Footnote 9: John, i. 3, 5. The two writings present the most complete identity of style, the same peculiarities, the same favorite expressions.]
[Footnote 10: _Epist. ad Philipp._, 7.]
[Footnote 11: In Eusebius, _Hist. Eccl._, III. 39.]
[Footnote 12: _Adv. H?r._, III. xvi. 5, 8; Cf. Eusebius, _Hist. Eccl._, v. 8.]
But it is, above all, the perusal of the work itself which is calculated to give this impression. The author always speaks as an eye-witness; he wishes to pass for the apostle John. If, then, this work is not really by the apostle, we must admit a fraud of which the author convicts himself. Now, although the ideas of the time respecting literary honesty differed essentially from ours, there is no example in the apostolic world of a falsehood of this kind. Besides, not only does the author wish to pass for the apostle John, but we see clearly that he writes in the interest of this apostle. On each page he betrays the desire to fortify his authority, to show that he has been the favorite of Jesus;[1] that in all the solemn circumstances (at the Lord's supper, at Calvary, at the tomb) he held the first place. His relations on the whole fraternal, although not excluding a certain rivalry with Peter;[2] his hatred, on the contrary, of Judas,[3] a hatred probably anterior to the betrayal, seems to pierce through here and there. We are tempted to believe that John, in his