The History of Rome, vol 5 | Page 8

to whom it was no derogation that a cause was
rarely too bad for him, and that he knew how to influence the judges
not merely by his oratory, but also by his connections and, on occasion,
by his gold. Half the senate was in debt to him; his habit of advancing
to "friends" money without interest revocable at pleasure rendered a
number of influential men dependent on him, and the more so that, like
a genuine man of business, he made no distinction among the parties,
maintained connections on all hands, and readily lent to every one who
was able to pay or otherwise useful. The most daring party-leaders,
who made their attacks recklessly in all directions, were careful not to
quarrel with Crassus; he was compared to the bull of the herd, whom it
was advisable for none to provoke. That such a man, so disposed and
so situated, could not strive after humble aims is clear; and, in a very

different way from Pompeius, Crassus knew exactly like a banker the
objects and the means of political speculation. From the origin of Rome
capital was a political power there; the age was of such a sort, that
everything seemed accessible to gold as to iron. If in the time of
revolution a capitalist aristocracy might have thought of overthrowing
the oligarchy of the gentes, a man like Crassus might raise his eyes
higher than to the -fasces- and embroidered mantle of the triumphators.
For the moment he was a Sullan and adherent of the senate; but he was
too much of a financier to devote himself to a definite political party, or
to pursue aught else than his personal advantage. Why should Crassus,
the wealthiest and most intriguing man in Rome, and no penurious
miser but a speculator on the greatest scale, not speculate also on the
crown? Alone, perhaps, he could not attain this object; but he had
already carried out various great transactions in partnership; it was not
impossible that for this also a suitable partner might present himself. It
is a trait characteristic of the time, that a mediocre orator and officer, a
politician who took his activity for energy and his covetousness for
ambition, one who at bottom had nothing but a colossal fortune and the
mercantile talent of forming connections--that such a man, relying on
the omnipotence of coteries and intrigues, could deem himself on a
level with the first generals and statesmen of his day, and could
contend with them for the highest prize which allures political
ambition.
Leaders of the Democrats
In the opposition proper, both among the liberal conservatives and
among the Populares, the storms of revolution had made fearful havoc.
Among the former, the only surviving man of note was Gaius Cotta
(630-c. 681), the friend and ally of Drusus, and as such banished in
663,(12) and then by Sulla's victory brought back to his native land;(13)
he was a shrewd man and a capable advocate, but not called, either by
the weight of his party or by that of his personal standing, to act more
than a respectable secondary part. In the democratic party, among the
rising youth, Gaius Julius Caesar, who was twenty-four years of age
(born 12 July 652?(14)), drew towards him the eyes of friend and foe.
His relationship with Marius and Cinna (his father's sister had been the

wife of Marius, he himself had married Cinna's daughter); the
courageous refusal of the youth who had scarce outgrown the age of
boyhood to send a divorce to his young wife Cornelia at the bidding of
the dictator, as Pompeius had in the like case done; his bold persistence
in the priesthood conferred upon him by Marius, but revoked by Sulla;
his wanderings during the proscription with which he was threatened,
and which was with difficulty averted by the intercession of his
relatives; his bravery in the conflicts before Mytilene and in Cilicia, a
bravery which no one had expected from the tenderly reared and almost
effeminately foppish boy; even the warnings of Sulla regarding the
"boy in the petticoat" in whom more than a Marius lay concealed--all
these were precisely so many recommendations in the eyes of the
democratic party. But Caesar could only be the object of hopes for the
future; and the men who from their age and their public position would
have been called now to seize the reins of the party and the state, were
all dead or in exile.
Lepidus
Thus the leadership of the democracy, in the absence of a man with a
true vocation for it, was to be had by any one who might please to give
himself forth as the champion of oppressed popular freedom; and in
this way it came to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, a Sullan,